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. 2019 Jul 3;9:554. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00554

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Copyright © 2019 Belykh, Miller, Carotenuto, Patel, Cavallo, Martirosyan, Healey, Byvaltsev, Scheck, Lawton, Eschbacher, Nakaji and Preul.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Higher concentrations of fluorescein sodium (FNa) produces images with less noise on a generation 2 confocal laser endomicroscope. Images acquired with a low dose of FNa (A) could be post-processed to improve brightness (B), so they appear similar to higher FNa dose images (C). Comparison of the enlarged regions in (A–C) shows that cell contours are distinguished on all images; however, noise level [diagrams in (A–C)] is less with a higher FNa concentration. (D) Subjective grading of overall CLE imaging quality is presented as a mean of all grades from 5 independent raters. The image quality is significantly better with higher FNa dosages (P_ANOVA = 0.002). Scale bars are 50 μm. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.