Table 2.
Associations of sleep problems with happiness.
| SHS Happiness (Mean 5.03, SD 1.04) |
GHI Happiness (Mean 3.00, SD 0.55) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 a β (95% CI) | Model 2 b β (95% CI) | Model 1 a OR (95% CI) | Model 2 b OR (95% CI) | |
| Sleep duration | ||||
| ≥8 h | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| ≥6 to <8 h | −0.15 (−0.26 to −0.04) ** | −0.14 (−0.25 to −0.03) * | 0.76 (0.58 to 0.99) * | 0.78 (0.59 to 1.02) |
| <6 h | −0.38 (−0.53 to −0.23) *** | −0.32 (−0.46 to −0.17) *** | 0.49 (0.34 to 0.70) *** | 0.54 (0.38 to 0.78) *** |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Per hour decrease | −0.09 (−0.12 to −0.05) *** | −0.07 (−0.10 to −0.03) *** | 0.76 (0.66 to 0.87) *** | 0.79 (0.67 to 0.91) *** |
| Insomnia symptoms | ||||
| DIS | −0.26 (−0.36 to −0.16) *** | −0.20 (−0.29 to −0.10) *** | 0.52 (0.41 to 0.66) *** | 0.57 (0.4675 to 0.74) *** |
| DMS | −0.10 (−0.15 to −0.05) *** | −0.08 (−0.13 to −0.04) *** | 0.82 (0.73 to 0.92) *** | 0.84 (0.75 to 0.95) ** |
| EMA | −0.08 (−0.11 to −0.04) *** | −0.06 (−0.10 to −0.03) *** | 0.86 (0.80 to 0.94) *** | 0.89 (0.82 to 0.97) ** |
| Any of these symptoms | −0.25 (−0.35 to −0.15) *** | −0.18 (−0.28 to −0.09) *** | 0.59 (0.46 to 0.75) *** | 0.66 (0.51 to 0.85) *** |
| Number of insomnia symptoms | ||||
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | −0.15 (−0.26 to −0.03) * | −0.10 (−0.21 to 0.02) | 0.77 (0.58 to 1.03) | 0.85 (0.64 to 1.14) |
| 2 | −0.24 (−0.37 to −0.11) *** | −0.18 (−0.31 to −0.05) ** | 0.54 (0.39 to 0.74) *** | 0.59 (0.43 to 0.82) ** |
| 3 | −0.44 (−0.59 to −0.30) *** | −0.35 (−0.49 to −0.21) *** | 0.41 (0.29 to 0.58) *** | 0.50 (0.35 to 0.71) *** |
| Per symptoms increase | −0.14 (−0.18 to −0.10) *** | −0.11 (−0.15 to −0.07) *** | 0.74 (0.66 to 0.82) *** | 0.78 (0.69 to 0.87) *** |
SHS: Subjective happiness scale, GHI: Global happiness index, DIS: Difficulty in initiating sleep, DMS: Difficulty in maintaining sleep, EMA: Early morning awakening, * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001. a Model 1: Adjusted for sex, age, education, smoking, alcohol, moderate physical activity, body mass index (BMI), household income, marital status, self-rated health, and chronic disease. b Model 2: Adjusted for model 1 variables and mental health symptoms.