| Rearing |
The horse’s forebody and forelimbs rise, such that the weight is borne on the hind limbs |
| Bucking |
The horse lowers the head and neck and raises the hindlimbs off the ground |
| Unusual oral behaviour |
The horse opens his mouth so a gap between the upper and lower jaw is visible, showing his teeth or tongue for more than 1 s |
| Tail swishing |
The horse moves the tail in a fast motion in a vertical or horizontal direction or combined, e.g., after a signal given by the rider |
| Ears fixed backwards |
The ears set back towards the neck |
| Headshaking |
The horse moves the head quickly up-and downwards and/or from side-to-side |
| Going against the reins |
The horse pushes the heads towards the ground or upwards resulting in extending the length of the reins |
| Errors in rhythm |
Insertion of an additional step resulting in loss of the rhythm |
