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. 2019 May 4;9(2):37. doi: 10.3390/life9020037

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Evolution of life on Earth is centered on abiogenesis of tRNA. Repeat and inverted repeat sequences, identified in archaeal tRNAs, and a small number of ribozymes appear sufficient to generate tRNA, which appears sufficient to generate the genetic code and translation systems leading to cellular life. Ribozymes indicated in red have been generated in vitro. PTC, peptidyl transferase center. Ancient polymerization reactions may have been driven by hydration–dehydration cycles [5]. Triangles indicate increases in biological complexity with enhanced evolutionary innovation.