Table 2.

Industry 4.0 toolset applied to asthma care.

Owner	Cyber-Physical System	Internet of Things	Internet of Services	Smart Factory (Virtual Agent)
Service Managed	A smart inhaler monitors the real world and then creates a digital (cyber) record of medicine adherence for the organization.	Inhaler, sleep and activity monitoring devices exchange data to help the organization better understand contextual factors leading to exacerbations.	The combined digital records are used by the organization to offer preventative advice, e.g., automated messages to the user: “your risk is high—use your preventer“.	A virtual agent can: - Support a doctor to personalize medicines and review appointments. - Access known triggers to enhance the model, e.g., regional air pollution. - Support the doctor’s practice by feeding back outcome data.
Self-Managed	A smart inhaler monitors the real world and then creates a digital (cyber) record of medicine adherence for the user.	Inhaler, sleep and activity monitoring devices exchange data to help the user better understand contextual factors leading to exacerbations.	The combined digital records allow the user to prove risk/eligibility and access services. Third parties can offer the user advice on sleep quality to reduce risk.	A virtual agent can: - Support a user to personalize their own care plan based on previously unknown triggers. - Connect the user to other services and communities to help them access broader support.