Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics.
| Variable | Cycling (n = 20) | Control (n = 15) | p-Value | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 65.05 ± 9.13 | 64.87 ± 6.90 | p = 0.949 | (−5.55, 5.92) |
| Gender, Female | 9, 45% | 3, 20% | p = 0.130 | (−0.07, 0.58) |
| Val66Met Polymorphism | 5, 25% | 5, 33% | p = 0.602 | (−0.402, 0.239) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.15 ± 4.7 | 29.90 ± 4.3 | p = 0.025 * | (−7.01, −0.51) |
| Education, years | 15.3 ± 2.1 | 15.6 ± 2.0 | p = 0.624 | (−1.79, 1.09) |
| LED, mg | 532 ± 275 | 560 ± 557 | p = 0.847 | (−268.48, 325.27) |
| EQ-5D QOL, points | 6.9 ± 1.8 | 7.7 ± 1.8 | p = 0.222 | (−0.49, 2.02) |
| QOL VAS, % | 72.58 ± 18.2 | 71.00 ± 14.0 | p = 0.782 | (−9.93, 13.08) |
Independent samples t-tests compared cycling and control groups. Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) ranges from 0 to 63, ≥14 indicates mild or greater depression symptoms. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) ranges from 0 to 30, 18–25 indicates mild cognitive impairment. Abbreviations: body mass index (BMI), Levodopa equivalent dose (LED), EQ-5D EuroQol Quality of Life (QOL), Quality of Life Visual Analog Scale (QOL VAS). Data indicate mean ± SD, n, or percentage. * p ≤ 0.05.