Table 5.
Related factors of fetal growth restriction among pregnant mothers with heart disease: Multivariate logistic progressions (n = 284).
| Characteristics | FRG (n, %) |
Without FRG (n, %) |
p-Value | Fetal Growth Restriction (26, 9.15%) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | ||||
| Age of mother | |||||
| <35 | 21 (8.50%) | 226 (91.50%) | 0.356 F | 1 | - |
| ≥35 | 5 (13.51%) | 32 (86.49%) | 1.08 | 0.24–4.84 | |
| Time diagnosed with heart disease | |||||
| Before pregnancy | 15 (6.55%) | 214 (93.45%) | 0.002 p | 1 | – |
| After pregnancy | 11 (20.00%) | 44 (80.00%) | 1.84 | 0.6–5.62 | |
| Gravida | |||||
| Primi | 13 (9.63%) | 122 (90.37%) | 0.164 F | 1 | - |
| Gravida 2 | 8 (6.61%) | 113 (93.39%) | 0.62 | 0.19–2.02 | |
| Gravida 3 or more | 5 (17.86%) | 23 (82.14%) | 0.91 | 0.2–4.24 | |
| Clinic presentation | |||||
| No | 8 (8.42%) | 87 (91.58%) | 0.831 p | 1 | - |
| Yes | 18 (9.52%) | 171 (90.48%) | 0.59 | 0.19–1.8 | |
| Hypertension | |||||
| No | 22 (7.97%) | 254 (92.03%) | 0.003 F | 1 | - |
| Yes | 4 (50.00%) | 4 (50.00%) | 59.75 *** | 9.1–392.17 | |
| Congenital heart diseases | |||||
| ASD | |||||
| No | 19 (8.02%) | 218 (91.98%) | 0.135 p | 1 | - |
| Yes | 7 (14.89%) | 40 (85.11%) | 4.27 * | 1.19–15.29 | |
| VSD | |||||
| No | 23 (10.04%) | 206 (89.96%) | 0.435 F | 1 | - |
| Yes | 3 (5.45%) | 52 (94.55%) | 0.28 | 0.05–1.7 | |
| Tetralogy of fallot | |||||
| No | 23 (8.55%) | 246 (91.45%) | 0.148 F | 1 | - |
| Yes | 3 (20.00%) | 12 (80.00%) | 6.82 * | 1.21–38.55 | |
| Complications | |||||
| Heart failure | |||||
| No | 15 (6.36%) | 221 (93.64%) | 0.000 p | 1 | - |
| Yes | 11 (22.92%) | 37 (77.08%) | 10.34 ** | 2.75–38.87 | |
| Pulmonary edema | |||||
| No | 23 (8.21%) | 257 (91.79%) | 0.003 F | 1 | - |
| Yes | 3 (75.00%) | 1 (25.00%) | 107.16 ** | 4.96–2313.93 | |
| Heart arrhythmia | |||||
| No | 21 (9.17%) | 208 (90.83%) | 1 F | 1 | - |
| Yes | 5 (9.09%) | 50 (90.91%) | 2.65 | 0.58–12.17 | |
Note: FRG: Fetal growth restriction; CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; p: Pearson chi-square test, F: Fisher’s exact test; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.