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. 2019 Apr 3;9(2):32. doi: 10.3390/life9020032

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Metal requirements in the respiratory electron transport chain in heterocysts. During respiration, electrons are transferred from the NDH-1 complex to the cytochrome b₆f complex (Cyt b₆f) through the plastoquinone (PQ) pool, before being shuttled to the cytochrome c oxidase (Cox) via plastocyanin (PC) or cytochrome c₆. In heterocysts, the alternative respiratory terminal oxidases quinol oxidase (Qox) and cytochrome bd quinol oxidase (Cyd) accept electrons from PQH₂ (plastoquinol) and reduce O₂. The respiratory electron transport chain generates a proton gradient across the membrane that is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. Subunits of the NDH-1 complex, cytochrome b₆f, and respiratory terminal oxidases are not shown for the sake of simplicity.