Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and laboratory parameters in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples from type 2 diabetes patients and control subjects.
| Variables | T2DM (n = 40) | Control (n = 36) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex, N (%) | 34 (85.00%) | 21 (58.33%) | 0.009 * |
| Age (mean ± SD, years) | 55.15 ± 10.46 | 47.56±14.18 | 0.009 * |
| Height (cm) | 168.34 ± 6.96 | 164.71±7.66 | 0.034 * |
| Weight (kg) | 73.51 ± 12.53 | 62.75±12.45 | <0.001 * |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.96 ± 4.33 | 23.03±3.68 | 0.002 * |
|
Current medications,
N (%) |
|||
| Oral hypoglycemic agents | 40(100%) | N/A | N/A |
| Insulin injection | 18(45%) | N/A | N/A |
| Anti-hypertensive agents | 23(57.5%) | 2 (5.5%) | <0.001 * |
| Lipid modifying agents | 22(55%) | 4 (11.11%) | <0.001 * |
| CSF parameters | |||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 86.68 ± 31.82 | 56.38 ± 17.95 | <0.001 * |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 0.46 ± 0.53 | 0.39 ± 0.32 | 0.563 |
| Plasma parameters | |||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 171.82 ± 72.84 | 95.55 ± 18.26 | <0.001 * |
| HbA1c (%) a | 9.63 ± 2.41 | 5.40 ± 1.61 | <0.001 * |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 9.34 ± 5.48 | 7.59 ± 3.99 | 0.127 |
| HOMA-IR b | 4.24 ± 3.73 | 1.91 ± 1.23 | <0.001 * |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.20 ± 0.71 | 0.84 ± 0.30 | 0.005 * |
| eGFR (ml/min per1.73m2) | 87.55 ± 26.64 | 107.34 ± 27.21 | 0.002 * |
| Complications | |||
| Diabetic retinopathy c | 19(47.5%) | N/A | N/A |
| Diabetic nephropathy d | 13(32.5%) | N/A | N/A |
| Diabetic neuropathy e | 11(27.5%) | N/A | N/A |
Abbreviation: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; * p < 0.05. a HbA1c was expressed in National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) unit (%); it would be 82 ± 26 in T2DM and 36 ± 18 in control in International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) unit (mmol/mol). b HOMA-IR = glucose (mg/dL) × insulin (mU/L)/405. c Diabetic retinopathy definition was the presence of non-proliferative retinopathy (NPDR) or proliferative retinopathy (PDR) in retinal photography as diagnosed by the ophthalmologists. d Diabetic nephropathy definition was the presence of macroalbuminuria (urinary albumin/creatinine ratio > 300 mg/g) in two spot urine measurements within six months of sampling date, or existence of stage 3–5 chronic kidney disease (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). e Diabetic neuropathy definition was a significant peripheral sensory defect (pinprick, temperature, or vibration sensation) with medication requirement, and the diagnosis confirmed by endocrinologists or neurologists.