Table 2.
Metabolites changed in CSF samples from T2DM patients versus control subjects.
| Metabolites in CSF | Chemical Shift (ppm) | NMR Signal Integration (mean ± SD) (×106 a.u.) | Fold Change | Adjusted p Value a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2DM | Control | T2DM/Control | T2DM vs. Control | ||
| Increased metabolite levels in T2DM patients compared to controls | |||||
| 3-hydroxyisovalerate | 1.193 | 7.72 ± 1.22 | 3.43 ± 1.30 | 2.252 | 0.183 |
| Mannose | 5.180 | 2.73 ± 1.17 | 1.35 ± 0.48 | 2.013 | <0.001 * |
| Glycine | .556 | 4.39 ± 1.35 | 2.78 ± 0.49 | 1.579 | <0.001 * |
| α- glucose | 5.233 | 93.61 ± 25.47 | 62.58 ± 7.38 | 1.496 | <0.001 * |
| Leucine | 0.998 | 1.32 ± 0.35 | 0.93 ± 0.27 | 1.419 | <0.001 * |
| 2-hydroxybutyrate | 0.893 | 8.45 ± 4.09 | 6.33 ± 1.43 | 1.335 | 0.043 * |
| Tyrosine | 6.872 | 1.50 ± 0.49 | 1.13 ± 0.38 | 1.330 | 0.008 * |
| Alanine | 1.455 | 8.30 ± 2.06 | 6.26 ± 1.26 | 1.325 | <0.001 * |
| Valine | 1.028 | 3.32 ± 1.11 | 2.56 ± 0.67 | 1.296 | 0.019 * |
| Pyruvate | 2.366 | 7.79 ± 2.90 | 6.03 ± 2.10 | 1.293 | 0.044 * |
| Lactate | 4.107 | 68.48 ± 8.87 | 58.27 ± 6.59 | 1.175 | 0.028 * |
| Phenylalanine | 7.410 | 0.94 ± 0.32 | 0.80 ± 0.19 | 1.170 | 0.068 |
| Formate | 8.450 | 0.90 ± 0.26 | 0.79 ± 0.21 | 1.149 | 0.095 |
| Isobutyrate | 1.065 | 2.36 ± 0.58 | 2.08 ± 0.34 | 1.140 | 0.289 |
| Creatinine | 3.037 | 17.18 ± 2.59 | 15.96 ± 2.17 | 1.076 | 0.683 |
| Citrate | 2.537 | 22.88 ± 4.00 | 21.57 ± 4.26 | 1.061 | 0.427 |
| Acetate | 1.910 | 6.64 ± 3.11 | 6.38 ± 3.32 | 1.040 | 0.183 |
| Decreased metabolite levels in T2DM patients compared to controls | |||||
| Glutamine | 2.428 | 47.16 ± 6.44 | 47.86 ± 4.45 | 0.985 | 0.845 |
| Histidine | 7.722 | 0.53 ± 0.14 | 0.68 ± 0.11 | 0.779 | <0.001 * |
ap value was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and medications for chronic diseases (hypertension, hyperlipidemia); * p < 0.05 Abbreviation: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.