. 2019 Jun 19;8(6):874. doi: 10.3390/jcm8060874

Table 3.

Metabolites changed in plasma samples from T2DM patients versus control subjects.

Metabolites in Plasma	Chemical Shift (ppm)	NMR Signal Integration (mean ± SD) (×10⁶ a.u.)		Fold Change	Adjusted p Value ^a
Metabolites in Plasma	Chemical Shift (ppm)	T2DM	Control	T2DM/Control	T2DM vs. Control
Increased Metabolite levels in T2DM patients compared to controls
α-glucose	5.229	109.86 ± 31.31	76.75 ± 11.83	1.431	<0.001 *
Creatinine	4.045	11.11 ± 4.30	8.30 ± 2.62	1.339	0.113
N-acetyl Glycoprotein	2.035	160.20 ± 31.73	120.15 ± 31.28	1.333	<0.001 *
Lipid (CH2-CO)	2.224	33.25 ± 17.18	24.98 ± 14.63	1.331	0.391
Lipid (CH2-CH2-CO)	1.565	99.39 ± 40.21	75.51 ± 36.80	1.316	0.116
Phenylalanine	7.423	3.87 ± 0.89	3.04 ± 0.42	1.273	0.001 *
Lipid (CH2-CH=CH)	1.983	154.88 ± 38.03	129.07 ± 31.12	1.199	0.019 *
Formate	8.452	1.06 ± 0.30	0.88 ±0.27	1.199	0.371
Leucine	0.964	11.18 ± 1.59	9.80 ± 1.74	1.141	0.023 *
Isoleucine	1.009	5.80 ± 1.10	5.14 ± 1.23	1.127	0.277
Tyrosine	6.891	4.13 ± 0.77	3.73 ± 0.52	1.109	0.106
Pyruvate	2.364	7.72 ± 1.94	6.99 ± 1.90	1.105	0.064
Valine	1.035	22.09 ± 3.83	21.11 ± 3.51	1.047	0.885
Lipid (CH3)	0.840	612.38 ± 151.25	596.51 ± 122.31	1.027	0.554
Acetate	1.910	5.28 ± 1.30	5.19 ± 1.26	1.018	0.019 *
Decreased metabolite levels in T2DM patients compared to controls
Lactate	1.322	22.71 ± 6.98	25.07 ± 7.13	0.906	0.870
Histidine	7.765	2.95 ± 0.50	3.30 ± 0.30	0.893	0.001 *
Citrate	2.638	6.04 ± 0.94	6.84 ± 1.06	0.882	<0.001 *
Alanine	1.473	31.66 ± 7.93	35.96 ± 6.46	0.880	0.002 *
Glutamine	2.448	30.78 ± 6.19	35.62 ± 4.31	0.864	<0.001 *

^ap value was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and medications for chronic diseases (hypertension, hyperlipidemia); * p < 0.05 Abbreviation: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.