Table 7.

Association of metabolites in six-metabolite combination with the presence of T2DM and diabetic microangiopathy.

Multivariate Analysis b	T2DM		Diabetic Retinopathy		Diabetic Nephropathy		Diabetic Neuropathy
Metabolite in CSF	Adjusted OR b	p	Adjusted OR b	p	Adjusted OR b	p	Adjusted OR b	p
CSF glucose	1.061	0.002 *	0.992	0.523	0.979	0.175	0.987	0.511
Alanine	1.009	0.002 *	1.001	0.458	1.000	0.888	1.002	0.345
Histidine	0.871	0.001 *	0.992	0.782	1.064	0.078	1.060	0.183
Leucine	1.039	0.004 *	0.988	0.309	0.989	0.343	1.002	0.893
Pyruvate	1.003	0.049 *	0.999	0.519	0.999	0.584	1.001	0.534
Tyrosine	1.029	0.003 *	0.974	0.017 *	0.975	0.041 *	0.997	0.772
Valine	1.008	0.037 *	0.995	0.225	0.998	0.605	1.002	0.658
Six-metabolite combination a	2.654	0.002 *	2.691	0.004 *	3.012	0.029 *	3.282	0.095
Metabolites in plasma	Adjusted OR b	p	Adjusted OR b	p	Adjusted OR b	p	Adjusted OR b	p
Plasma glucose	1.092	0.003 *	1.003	0.548	0.992	0.172	0.988	0.273
Plasma HbA1c	1.288	0.019 *	0.989	0.855	1.097	0.189	1.028	0.687
Plasma HOMA-IR	1.712	0.027 *	1.063	0.600	0.878	0.292	0.880	0.650
Alanine	0.998	0.004 *	1.000	0.929	1.000	0.829	0.999	0.513
Histidine	0.974	0.003 *	0.998	0.832	1.008	0.329	1.004	0.712
Leucine	1.004	0.036 *	0.998	0.550	0.995	0.080	0.994	0.147
Pyruvate	1.003	0.051	0.914	0.083	0.998	0.385	0.997	0.349
Tyrosine	1.010	0.048 *	1.003	0.628	0.984	0.014 *	1.004	0.677
Valine	1.000	0.911	0.998	0.079	0.999	0.169	0.998	0.214
Six-metabolite combination a	3.352	<0.001 *	2.954	<0.001 *	3.650	<0.001 *	3.237	0.087

Abbreviation: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, ^a Six-metabolite combination is alanine, histidine, leucine, pyruvate, tyrosine, and valine, ^b Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and medications for chronic diseases (hypertension and hyperlipidemia), * p < 0.05.