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. 2019 Jul 3;10:442. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00442

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Copyright © 2019 Sickinghe, Korporaal, den Ruijter and Kessler.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The regulation of endothelial function. All presented pathways affect the cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration in VSM cells by regulating endothelial function, which determines constriction/relaxation. Solid arrows indicate stimulation and lines with a flattened end indicate inhibition. Dashed lines indicate translocation of the molecule. Green squares are receptors. Ang II, angiotensin-II; AT, angiotensin-II receptor; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; GPR30, G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 30; E2, 17β-estradiol; EDHF, endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ER, estrogen receptor; ET, endothelin-1 receptor; ET-1, endothelin-1; MAPK/ERK, mitogen-associated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases; NO, nitric oxide; PGI₂, prostacyclin; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKG, protein kinase G; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TXA₂, thromboxane A₂.