Table 1.
Clinical variables of the 140 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the high aortic stiffness and control groups.
| Characteristics | All Patients (n = 140) |
Control Group (n = 86) |
Aortic Stiffness Group (n = 54) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62.69 (58.00–70.75) | 61.55 (56.75–68.00) | 64.52 (58.00–74.25) | 0.086 |
| Height (cm) | 161.98 ± 8.33 | 162.52 ± 8.29 | 161.13 ± 8.38 | 0.338 |
| Body weight (kg) | 70.02 ± 12.73 | 69.86 ± 12.99 | 70.28 ± 12.41 | 0.848 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 90.25 ± 8.96 | 89.51 ± 9.05 | 91.44 ± 8.78 | 0.218 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.59 ± 3.76 | 26.35 ± 3.75 | 26.97 ± 3.77 | 0.344 |
| Body fat mass (%) | 30.94 ± 7.64 | 29.90 ± 7.60 | 32.60 ± 7.48 | 0.041 * |
| cfPWV (m/s) | 9.73 ± 2.64 | 8.13 ± 1.38 | 12.28 ± 2.13 | <0.001 * |
| SBP (mmHg) | 140.49 ± 18.89 | 136.40 ± 17.01 | 147.00 ± 20.04 | 0.001 * |
| DBP (mmHg) | 82.03 ± 10.59 | 80.21 ± 9.36 | 84.93 ± 11.81 | 0.010 * |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 160.84 ± 30.15 | 161.33 ± 27.31 | 160.06 ± 34.44 | 0.809 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 135.59 (83.25–170.50) | 129.24 (72.00–153.50) | 145.70 (94.75–189.50) | 0.026 * |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 47.11 ± 13.04 | 48.58 ± 12.30 | 44.78 ± 13.93 | 0.093 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 98.06 ± 25.87 | 98.26 ± 24.12 | 97.74 ± 28.66 | 0.909 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 152.99 (121.00–175.00) | 149.73 (118.75–172.25) | 158.17 (121.00–183.50) | 0.401 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 7.80 (6.60–8.78) | 7.76 (6.50–8.80) | 7.87 (6.60–8.78) | 0.447 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 17.21 (12.00–19.00) | 16.65 (12.00–18.00) | 18.11 (13.75–20.25) | 0.142 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.91 (0.70–1.00) | 0.87 (0.70–1.00) | 0.97 (0.80–1.20) | 0.093 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 87.22 ± 26.90 | 91.87 ± 27.15 | 79.82 ± 24.99 | 0.009 * |
| UACR (mg/g) | 14.34 (7.20–53.99) | 11.50 (7.10–31.10) | 25.23 (8.44–164.55) | 0.030 * |
| Total calcium (mg/dL) | 9.07 ± 0.44 | 9.10 ± 0.45 | 9.05 ± 0.39 | 0.468 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.60 ± 0.49 | 3.54 ± 0.48 | 3.69 ± 0.51 | 0.071 |
| Insulin (uIU/mL) | 10.11 (3.54–12.03) | 9.21 (2.92–10.83) | 11.54 (4.46–15.04) | 0.040 * |
| HOMA-IR | 2.22 (1.10–4.21) | 2.03 (0.89–3.63) | 2.65 (1.48–5.55) | 0.029 * |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 28.92 (23.41–36.56) | 31.30 (24.96–40.38) | 20.01 (20.47–33.23) | 0.001 * |
| Male, n (%) | 58 (41.4) | 33 (38.4) | 25 (46.3) | 0.354 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 76 (54.3) | 46 (53.5) | 30 (55.6) | 0.811 |
| ACE inhibitor use, n (%) | 9 (6.4) | 6 (7.0) | 3 (5.6) | 0.739 |
| ARB use, n (%) | 54 (38.6) | 30 (34.9) | 24 (44.4) | 0.258 |
| β-blocker use, n (%) | 20 (14.3) | 10 (11.6) | 10 (18.5) | 0.257 |
| CCB use, n (%) | 44 (31.4) | 27 (31.4) | 17 (31.5) | 0.991 |
| Statin use, n (%) | 66 (47.1) | 41 (47.7) | 25 (46.3) | 0.874 |
| Fibrate use, n (%) | 8 (5.7) | 5 (5.8) | 3 (5.6) | 0.949 |
| Metformin use, n (%) | 76 (54.3) | 48 (55.8) | 28 (51.9) | 0.647 |
| Sulfonylureas use, n (%) | 77 (55.0) | 46 (53.5) | 31 (57.4) | 0.650 |
| DDP-4 inhibitor use, n (%) | 87 (62.1) | 55 (64.0) | 32 (59.3) | 0.577 |
| Insulin use, n (%) | 38 (27.1) | 23 (26.7) | 15 (27.8) | 0.894 |
Values for continuous variables are expressed as means ± standard deviations and tested by Student’s t-test; non-normally distributed variables are expressed as medians and interquartile ranges and tested by Mann–Whitney U test; values are presented as numbers (%) and analyses were done using the chi-square test. AS, arterial stiffness; cfPWV, carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; DDP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4. * p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.