Table 3.
Self-reported and observed hygiene proxies.
| Item | Percentage (%) | Item | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Self-Reported Proxies | |||
| When did the child first consume solid foods (n = 323) | What foods does the child eat (n = 323) | ||
| ● 0–3 months | 0% | ● Fruits | 71% |
| ● 3–6 months | 40% | ● Vegetables | 79% |
| ● >6 months | 60% | ● Milk | 56% |
| ● Porridge | 94% | ||
| ● Groundnuts | 63% | ||
| ● Rice | 64% | ||
| ● Beans | 77% | ||
| ● Eggs | 68% | ||
| ● Breastmilk | 87% | ||
| ● Same food as rest of family | 57% | ||
| ● Snacks | 11% | ||
| Does the child eat anywhere apart from at home (n = 323) | Where is the child fed (n = 323) | ||
| ● Relative’s house | 66% | ● Kitchen | 2% |
| ● Neighbour | 54% | ● Veranda | 45% |
| ● Nowhere | 11% | ● Outside house | 45% |
| ● Inside house | 8% | ||
| How long after food is prepared do you feed the child (n = 323) | Do you do anything to prevent your child from placing dirty items in their mouth (n = 323) | ||
| ● <10 min | 78% | ● Monitor | 72% |
| ● 10–30 min | 16% | ● Maintain clean environment | 22% |
| ● 30–60 min | 6% | ● Nothing | 7% |
| When are utensils washed (n = 323) | Materials for washing utensils (n = 323) | ||
| ● 1–2 h before eating | 1% | ● Water | 3% |
| ● <1 h before eating | 5% | ● Water and soap | 75% |
| ● <1 h after eating | 45% | ● Water and ash | 4% |
| ● 1–2 h after eating | 21% | ● Water and flour | 17% |
| ● >2 h after eating | 28% | ● Sand | 1% |
| Leftover food storage time (n = 130) | |||
| ● <1 h | 34% | ||
| ● 1–6 h | 62% | ||
| ● 6–24 h | 3% | ||
| ● >24 h | 1% | ||
| Observed proxies (N = 80) | |||
| Clean utensils on an elevated place | 31% | Utensils washed with soap | 28% |
| Household yards with animal faeces | 66% | Households with leftover food | 55% |
| Child observed eating porridge or snack while hands visibly dirty | 39% | Type of leftover food (n = 130) | |
| ● Nsima | 18% | ||
| ● Porridge | 11% | ||
| ● Relish | 43% | ||
| Households observed with children feeding themselves | 40% | Households with animals accessing cooked food | |
| 20% | |||
| Households with flies around | 19% | Households with animals accessing water for washing utensils/drinking | |
| 30% | |||
| Households reheating leftover food | 45% | Households with drinking water covered | 90% |