Table 1.
Literature review summary on take-home pathway of pesticide exposure - blood biomarkers.
| Author (Date) | Location | Sample Size | Pesticide(s) Measurement | Sample Type | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ali et al. (2013) | Pakistan | 34 mothers (23–51 years), 34 children (3–10 years), 17 general group (13–65 years) living in rural and agricultural areas | OC metabolites | Blood | The ∑DDTs metabolites in serum were significantly higher in rural children (median: 535 ng/g) than urban children (median: 250 ng/g). A significant correlation between rural children and their mothers for ∑DDTs (r = 0.461, p = 0.031) * was found, but no correlation in urban settings. |
| Gonzalez-Alzaga et al. (2018) | Spain | 133 children living in agricultural community | OC metabolites | Blood | There were no associations of OC metabolites and children living near crops or greenhouses, family income, parental education, mother and/or father working in agriculture, or occupational exposure to chemicals of mother or father. |
| Huen et al. (2012) | California | 526 Mothers living near farmland. Blood (n = 234), umbilical cord (n = 256) and urine samples from 221 mothers and 244 children. | OP metabolites PON1 enzyme | Mothers blood, umbilical cord blood and urine | Chlorpyrifos was detected in 71% and 88% of blood and umbilical cord samples. High maternal PON1 levels are related to decreased detection of diazinon and chlorpyrifos (OR: 0.75, and 0.56 and 0.75, respectively). Blood OP metabolites were similar in mothers and newborns and slightly higher than those reported in other populations. |
| Suarez-Lopez et al. (2012) | Ecuador | 277 rural children (4–9 years old) in agricultural communities cohabitating with flower workers vs. non-flower workers | AChE activity | Blood | Cohabitation with a flower worker was related to lower AChE activity in children. This supports the hypothesis that the amount of take-home pesticides from flower workers suffices to decrease AChE activity, as lower AChE activity was associated with higher pesticide exposure. |
| Suarez Lopez et al. (2013) | Ecuador | 271 children (4–9 years old), approximately half cohabitated with flower workers | AChE activity and blood pressure | Blood | Children living with flower workers had lower systolic blood pressure (−1.72 mmHg; 95% CI: −3.53, 0.08) than other children not living with farmworkers. |
* Spearman rank correlation. Abbreviations: DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; PON1, Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1; AChE, acetocholinesterase; BuChE, Butyrylcholinesterase; OC: Organochlorine pesticides.