Table 2.

Ethogram of visitor behaviours.

Behaviour	Description
Tactile contact with enclosure features	Tapping or banging on the glass windows, barriers, or enclosure features.
Loud vocalisations	Shouts, screams, loud whistles to attract the animals’ attention.
Looming	Leaning on or over the exhibit barriers to view animals in the water or on land. Penguins > 0.5 m—penguins greater than 0.5 m away from looming position. Penguins < 0.5 m—penguins less than 0.5 m away from looming position.
Tactile contact with water	Touching/flicking/slapping the water with the hand(s), which creates ripples in the water.
Tactile contact with penguin	Touching penguin with the hand(s).
Sudden movement	Running, waving or jumping towards or at the penguin(s) and/or exhibit.