Table 2.
Summary of the studies included.
| ARTICLE | DESIGN | SAMPLE | OBJECTIVES | RESULTS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [10] | Cohort study. | 1772 old people. New York. | To determinate whether leisure activities modify the risk for the incident of dementia. | The risk of dementia decreased in subjects with high leisure activities (RR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.46 to 0.83). |
| [11] | Cohort study. | 2040 old people. France. | To study the relationship between social and leisure activities, and risk of subsequent dementia in older community residents. | All but one of the social and leisure activities noted were significantly associated with a lower risk of dementia. Travelling (RR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.24–0.94), odd Jobs or knitting (RR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.26–0.85), and gardening (RR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.28–0.99) remained significant. |
| [12] | Literature review. | - | To review studies on AD and mental activity to see whether the second can be helpful in preventing the first. | It appears that engaging the elderly in activities that use the brain can be helpful in stemming the epidemic that is AD. |
| [13] | Cohort study. | 1348 participants. New York. | To examine trends in dementia incidence and concomitant trends in cardiovascular comorbidities among individuals aged 70 years or older, who were enrolled in the Einstein Aging Study between 1993 and 2015. | 150 incidents of dementia cases developed during 5932 person-years. Dementia incidence decreased in successive birth cohorts. Incidence per 100 person-years was 5.09 in birth cohorts before 1920, 3.11 in the 1920 through 1924 birth cohorts, 1.73 in the 1925 through 1929 birth cohorts, and 0.23 in cohorts born after 1929. |
| [14] | Longitudinal cohort study. | 700 old people. | To examine the relationship between cognitive activity and development of AD. | More frequent participation in cognitive activity was associated with reduced incidence of AD (HD: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.77). |
| [15] | Perspective. | - | To describe cognitive stimulation therapy development and evaluation, its use in clinical setting and issues for future investigation. | - |
| [16] | Prospective population-based study. | 3675 old people. France. | To study the relationship between board game playing and risk of subsequent dementia in the Paquid cohort. | The risk of dementia was 15% lower in board game players compared to non-players (HR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.99; p = 0.04). |
| [17] | Review. | 1 case 100 studies | To review and attempt to integrate the disparate elements of the disease into a coherent whole, perhaps helping to focus future investigative efforts on developing rational treatments. | An integrated diagnostic and therapeutic approach to this complex and tragic disorder may still seem remote, the current rate of scientific progress indicates that some level of practical success may come sooner than one might think. |
| [18] | Case-control study | 193 case people and 358 control people | To evaluated the relationships between non-occupational activities and AD in a case-control study. | The odds ratio for AD in those performing less than the mean value of activities was 3.85 (95% CI: 2.65–5.58, p < 0.001). |
| [19] | N = 1 study | 1 case | Report a case of a chess player who presents cognitive disorders. | Cognitive function appeared and AD was diagnosticated. |
| [20] | Parallel group. | 29 participants. | Report dates to provide research with new materials to further explore the human brain. | - |
| [21] | Case-control study. | 147 old people. China. | To explore the functions of GO game in AD patients. | GO game intervention ameliorates AD manifestations. |
| [22] | Case-control study. | 16 experienced Baduk players. Korea. | To elucidate the brain’s structural development as it relates to the cognitive components needed to play Baduk, based on White matter neuroplastic changes. | Long-term trained Baduk players developed larger regions of white matter with increased fractional anisotropy values in different areas that are related to attention control, working memory, executive regulation, and problem solving. |
| [23] | Literature review. | - | To determine what literature states about mental practice as a protective factor against dementia and AD. | There is no convincing evidence of memory practice and other cognitively stimulating activities be sufficient to prevent AD. |
| [24] | Longitudinal cohort study. | 801 old people. USA. | To test the hypothesis that frequent participation in cognitive activities is associated with a reduced risk of AD. | During an average of 4.5 years of follow-up, 111 persons developed AD. In a proportional hazards model that controlled for age, sex, and education, a 1-point increase in cognitive activity score was associated with a 33% reduction in risk of AD (HR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49–0.92) |
| [25] | Opinion article. | - | - | - |
| [26] | Systematic review. | 55 studies. | To present evidence from observational studies concerning the impact of leisure activities on the risk of dementia and cognitive decline and provide evidence from intervention studies on the topic. | A protective effect of mental activity on cognitive function has been consistently reported in both observational and interventional studies. The association of mental activity with the risk of dementia was robust in observational studies but inconsistent in clinical trials. Current evidence concerning the beneficial effect of other types of leisure activities on the risk of dementia is still limited and results are inconsistent. |
| [27] | Divulgative study review. | - | - | - |
| [28] | Cohort study- | 5.698 old people. France. | To examine the association between leisure activities and risk of incident dementia and its subtypes. | Stimulating leisure activities were found to be significantly associated with a reduced risk of dementia (HR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.31; 0.79) and AD (HR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.21; 0.721). |
| [29] | Cohort study. | 283 old people. New York. | To determine whether pre-diagnosis leisure activities modify the rate of cognitive decline in patients with AD. | Each leisure activity was associated with an additional yearly decline of 0.005 of a z-score unit in cognitive score (p = 0.17). |
| [30] | Case-control Study. | 264 cases and 545 controls (809 participants). Ohio. | To study the association between participation in different types of mentally stimulating leisure activities and status as AD case or normal control. | Logistic regression analysis indicating that adjusting for control variables, greater participation in novelty-seeking, and exchange-of-ideas activities were significantly associated with decreased odds of AD. |
Abbreviations: -AD: Alzheimer Disease; -CI: Confiance Interval; -RR: Relative Risk; -HR: Hazard Ratio; -HD: Hazard Deviation.