Table 1.
Antibacterial properties of 67 spice extracts.
| Scientific Name | Common Name | Parts Tested | Diameters of Inhibitory Zone (DIZ, mm) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
S. aureus SJTUF 20978 (Resistant) |
S. aureus ATCC 25923 (Normal) |
S. enteritidis SJTUF 10987 (Resistant) |
S. enteritidis ATCC 13076 (Normal) |
|||
| Alpinia galangal (L.) Willd. | Galangal | Rhizome | 25.6 ± 0.49 | 31.7 ± 0.21 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Alpinia galanga Willd. | Fructus galangae | Fruit | 20.2 ± 0.52 | 28.3 ± 0.29 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Alpinia hainanensis K. Schum. | Semen alpiniae katsumadai | Fruit | 14.8 ± 0.74 | 17.5 ± 0.09 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Alpinia officinarum Hance | Small galangal | Rhizome | 11.4 ± 0.24 | 11.9 ± 0.14 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Alpinia tonkinensis Gagnep | Green gardamon | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Amomum aurantiacum H. T. Tsai et S. W. Zhao | Thorn amomum villosum | Fruit | 13.4 ± 0.09 | 15.3 ± 0.24 | 8.6 ± 0.21 | 9.1 ± 0.24 |
| Amomum testaceum Ridl | Fructus amomi rotundus | Fruit | 12.0 ± 0.29 | 13.5 ± 0.29 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemarié | Fructus tsaoko | Fruit | 14.1 ± 0.09 | 14.8 ± 0.24 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Amomum villosum Lour. | Fructus amomi | Fruit | 12.1 ± 0.24 | 14.9 ± 0.09 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Anethum graveolens L. | Dill | Seed | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook.f. ex Franch. et Sav. | Radix angelicae formosanae | Rhizome | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Areca catechu L. | Areca | Fruit | 10.1 ± 0.09 | 9.90 ± 0.09 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Artemisia dracunculus L. | Tarragon | Leaf | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Aucklandia lappa Decne. | Costustoot | Rhizome | 10.1 ± 0.19 | 15.2 ± 0.29 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Capsicum annuum L. | Dry chilli (grown in Henan) | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Capsicum annuum L. | Dry chilli (grown in Sichuan) | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Capsicum annuum L. | Dry chilli (grown in Yunnan) | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Capsicum annuum var. grossum | Bell pepper | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Carum carvi L. | Caraway | Fruit | 8.70 ± 0.09 | 10.6 ± 0.09 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl | Cinnamon | Bark | 20.7 ± 0.47 | 27.6 ± 1.73 | 16.0 ± 0.52 | 15.5 ± 0.38 |
| Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck | Dried lemon | Fruit | 11.3 ± 0.09 | 13.0 ± 0.09 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Citrus reticulata Blanco | Citrus | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Citrus reticulata Blanco | Old citrus | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Coriandrum sativum L | Coriander | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge | Hawthorn | Fruit | 11.4 ± 0.50 | 12.1 ± 0.29 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Cuminum cyminum L. | Chinese cumin seed | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Curcuma longa L. | Turmeric | Rhizome | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. | Lemongrass | Leaf | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Eleutherococcus nodiflorus (Dunn) S.Y.Hu. | Cortex acanthopanacis | Bark | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Fennel (traditional Chinese spice) | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Foeniculum vulgare | Kelly anise seeds (Western food spice) | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis | Gardenia | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. | Liquorice | Leaf | 15.8 ± 0.14 | 15.6 ± 0.57 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Illicium verum Hook. f. | Star anise | Fruit | 12.5 ± 0.09 | 12.8 ± 0.29 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Kaempferia galanga L. | Rhizoma kaempferiae | Rhizome | 10.1 ± 0.49 | 10.3 ± 0.52 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Laurus nobilis L. | Bay leaf | Leaf | 12.5 ± 0.33 | 13.0 ± 0.09 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. | Lithospermum | Leaf | 13.3 ± 0.21 | 13.3 ± 0.28 | NIZ | 9.6 ± 0.29 |
| Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl | Nephrolepis | Stem | 12.4 ± 0.45 | 13.9 ± 0.62 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance | Avandula pedunculata | Whole plant | 12.3 ± 0.49 | 14.4 ± 0.33 | NIZ | 10.9 ± 0.24 |
| Magnolia denudata Desr. | Magnolia flower | Flower | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Mentha canadensis L. | Pepper mint | Leaf | 12.5 ± 0.09 | 15.9 ± 0.33 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Monascus purpureus Went | Red yeast rice | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. | Curry leaves | Leaf | 9.80 ± 0.61 | 10.8 ± 0.09 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. | Murraya paniculata | Leaf | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Myristica fragrans Houtt. | Semen myristicae | Fruit | 10.5 ± 0.21 | 11.6 ± 0.29 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC. | Nard | Stem | 14.1 ± 0.47 | 15.5 ± 0.21 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Ocimum basilicum L. | Basil | Leaf | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Origanum majorana L. | Marjoram | Whole plant | 17.2 ± 0.71 | 15.2 ± 0.62 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Origanum vulgare L. | Origanum | Leaf | 14.1 ± 0.39 | 11.8 ± 0.09 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss | Parsley | Leaf | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. | Allspice | Fruit | 13.2 ± 0.09 | 14.9 ± 0.19 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Piper longum L. | Long pepper | Cluster | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Piper nigrum L. | Black pepper | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Piper nigrum L. | White pepper | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Piper nigrum L. | Red pepper | Fruit | 14.2 ± 0.14 | 16.8 ± 0.09 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Piper nigrum L. | Green pepper | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Reseda odorata L. | Integrated vanilla | Leaf | 14.7 ± 0.51 | 14.0 ± 0.75 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Rosemary | Leaf | 18.3 ± 0.21 | 20.8 ± 0.14 | NIZ | 10.3 ± 0.42 |
| Salvia japonica Thunb. | Sage | Leaf | 15.4 ± 0.49 | 19.3 ± 0.21 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Sinapis alba L. | Yellow mustard seeds | Seed | 18.6 ± 1.03 | 21.9 ± 0.16 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Sinapis alba L. | Black mustard seeds | Seed | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Sophora alopecuroides L. | Fenugreek | Fruit | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ |
| Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et L. M. Perry | Male clove | Flower | 15.6 ± 0.33 | 16.4 ± 0.39 | 11.0 ± 0.21 | 9.0 ± 0.29 |
| Syzygium aromaticum | Female clove | Fruit | 15.1 ± 0.49 | 20.9 ± 0.14 | 8.5 ± 0.24 | 10.6 ± 0.09 |
| Thymus vulgaris L. | Thyme | Leaf | 16.0 ± 0.33 | 14.9 ± 0.42 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim | Red Chinese prickly ash | Fruit | 11.3 ± 0.09 | 12.9 ± 0.21 | NIZ | NIZ |
| Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim | Green Chinese prickly ash | Fruit | 13.3 ± 0.24 | 13.3 ± 0.21 | NIZ | NIZ |
The data were averages of three measurements with standard deviation. NIZ means no inhibition zone.