. 2019 Jun 10;8(6):201. doi: 10.3390/foods8060201

Table 2.

Effect of tomato-based products on different cell death stages in human prostate cancer cell lines (DU-145 and PC-3) after 96 h.

Compounds
Cell Type	Cell Death Stages	Untreated Cells (Control)	Tomato Paste		Tomato Extract		Tomato Sauce		Ketchup
Cell Type	Cell Death Stages	Untreated Cells (Control)	500 μg/mL	5000 μg/mL	500 μg/mL	5000 μg/mL	500 μg/mL	5000 μg/mL	500 μg/mL	5000 μg/mL
DU-145	Viable cells	93.33 ± 1.23 ^a	89.10 ± 2.71 ^b	64.30 ± 1.56 ^c	89.36 ± 1.48 ^b	70.93 ± 2.02 ^d	88.45 ± 1.48 ^b	78.45 ± 1.20 ^e	91.32 ± 1.24 ^a	89.80 ± 0.32 ^b
	Early apoptosis	0.49 ± 0.12 ^a	2.32 ± 0.53 ^b	13.20 ± 1.70 ^c	2.12 ± 0.29 ^b	8.71 ± 0.40 ^d	3.56 ± 0.56 ^b	6.65 ± 0.35 ^e	1.14 ± 0.28 ^f	2.90 ± 0.30 ^b
	Late apoptosis	0.57 ± 0.14 ^a	4.35 ± 1.09 ^b	21.05 ± 0.64 ^c	4.82 ± 0.54 ^b	19.00 ± 0.85 ^c	3.50 ± 0.34 ^b	14.25 ± 0.64 ^d	3.22 ± 0.46 ^b	5.90 ± 0.25 ^e
	Necrosis	5.61 ± 0.97 ^a	4.23 ± 1.06 ^b	1.45 ± 0.49 ^b	3.70 ± 0.64 ^c	1.36 ± 0.38 ^b	4.49 ± 0.59 ^a	0.65 ± 0.21 ^d	4.32 ± 0.50 ^a	1.40 ± 0.27 ^b
PC-3	Viable cells	97.64 ± 0.08 ^a	90.26 ± 0.23 ^b	37.37 ± 0.04 ^c	87.67 ± 0.89 ^b	40.05 ± 0.49 ^d	93.39 ± 0.04 ^b	42.78 ± 0.37 ^c	93.73 ± 0.37 ^b	94.14 ± 0.18 ^b
	Early apoptosis	0.84 ± 0.07 ^a	1.87 ± 0.15 ^b	21.53 ± 0.33 ^c	3.07 ± 0.22 ^d	16.35 ± 0.35 ^e	1.87 ± 0.20 ^b	18.35 ± 0.35 ^e	1.64 ± 0.28 ^b	2.86 ± 0.29 ^d
	Late apoptosis	0.82 ± 0.07 ^a	5.54 ± 0.35 ^b	39.00 ± 0.57 ^c	8.63 ± 0.48 ^d	42.52 ± 0.35 ^c	2.55 ± 0.49 ^e	38.15 ± 0.64 ^c	3.58 ± 0.49 ^e	2.36 ± 0.32 ^e
	Necrosis	0.7 ± 0.06 ^a	2.33 ± 0.39 ^b	2.10 ± 0.28 ^b	0.63 ± 0.19 ^a	1.08 ± 0.21 ^c	2.19 ± 0.25 ^b	0.72 ± 0.21 ^a	1.05 ± 0.16 ^a	0.64 ± 0.13 ^a

Legend: the cell-cycle phases and quantitative results are illustrated in accordance with the exposure time and carotenoid concentration. The experiment is expressed as mean ± standard error. Small different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) within same line among different concentrations versus control group.