| Glutathione synthesis and regeneration: |
|
| -GCL: GCLM/GCLC complex |
Carrying out glutathione synthesis forms glutamate and cysteine |
| -GPx |
Detoxification of H2O2
|
| -GR |
Reduction of GSSG to GSH |
| -XCT |
Transports cysteine to the cell to be reduced to cysteine from GSH |
| Phase-II detoxifying enzymes: |
|
| -HO-1 |
Degradation of the heme group gives rise to biliverdin, free iron, and carbon monoxide |
| -UGT |
Glucoronidation: conjugation of glucuronic acid |
| -SULT |
Sulfonation: the addition of sulfuryl groups donated by 3′-PhosphoAdenosine-5′-PhosphoSulfate (PAPS) to hydroxyl or amine groups |
| Expression of NADPH- producing enzymes: |
|
| -G6PD |
Synthesis of NADPH in the PPP pathwa |
| -IDH |
Synthesis of NADPH in the conversion ofisocytrate into α-ketoglutarate in the KC |
| -ME1 |
Synthesis of NADHP in the conversion of pyruvate into malate in the KC |
| Expression of Thioredoxins: |
|
| -TXN1 |
Their two active cysteine residues can be oxidized for reducing the oxidized thiols of proteins |
| -TXNRD1 |
NADPH-dependent can reduce oxidized TXN |
| Detoxification of quinones: |
|
| -NQO1 |
These compete with the CYP 450 reductases and convert quinones into more stable molecules (quinoles) |
| -AKR |
| GCL: glutamate-cysteine ligase |
SULT´s: sulfotransferases |
| GCLM: glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit |
G6PD: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| GCLC: glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit |
PPP: pentose phosphate pathway |
| GST: glutathione S-transferases |
NADPH: nicotinamine dinucleotide phophate |
| GR: glutathione reductase |
IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase |
| XCT: cystine/glutamate transporter |
ME1: malic enzyme 1 |
| GSSG: oxidized glutathione |
KC: Kreb’s cycle |
| GSH: reducedglutathione |
TXN1: thioredoxine 1 |
| GPx: glutathioneperoxidases |
TXNRD1: thioredoxine reductase 1 |
| HO-1: heme oxygenase-1 |
NQO1: N-quinone oxido reductase 1 |
| UGT: UDP-glucuronosyltransferases |
AKR: aldo-ketoreductase |
| KC: Kreb’s cycle |
|
