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. 2019 Jul 9;9:9890. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46106-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Chitin convergence and degradation pathway. First, chitin can be converted to chitosan through deacetylation and further degraded to N-glucosamines (GlcpN) through glucosaminidase enzymes. Second, chitin can be degraded by chitinases and N-acetylglucosaminidase enzymes to N-acetylglucosamines (GlcpNAc). Enzymes involved in the chitin cycle are classified in glycosyl hydrolase (GH) families and represented in blue. The metagenome reads are mapped towards these enzymes and the RPKG normalized counts representing the number of hits are illustrated by the arrow thickness in the figure. If there was a statistical effect of chitin addition, a second arrow (orange) is drawn representing the normalized count of the genes related to the chitin-added samples.