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. 2019 Jul 3;10:1523. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01523

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Copyright © 2019 Giessing, Frenkel, Zinner, Rummel, Nieuwenhuys, Kasperk, Brune, Engel and Plessner.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview of the study timeline. Participants were required to undergo two shooting scenarios in a low stress (LS) and high stress (HS) condition. Their psychological, physiological and behavioral responses were assessed at t₁–t₈. Anxiety and mental effort were assessed through questionnaires at three points. Salivary cortisol (sCorti) and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) were assessed at six points. Cardiac vagal activity was recorded continuously, but four intervals were chosen for analyses. Dispositional self-control and sensation seeking were assessed through questionnaires at t₇.