Table 2.

Sex-specific differences in hemodynamic changes and cardiovascular remodeling in HFpEF patients.

Reference	Sample Size	Women/Men (%)	Study Type	Main Findings
Beale et al. [47]	161 HFpEF pts	114 (71)	Cross-sectional	Women with HFpEF had worse diastolic reserve. LV filling pressures measured by echocardiographic and invasive measurements at exercise were higher than in men. Women showed lower systemic and pulmonary arterial compliance, as well as worse peripheral oxygen kinetics.
Harada et al. [7]	733 HFpEF pts	529 (72)	Cross-sectional	Females with HFpEF had smaller LV diameters and better LVEF. LV filling pressure was similar between sexes. Left atrium was larger in men. Concentric LV hypertrophy was predominant in women, and eccentric in men with HFpEF.
Duca et al. [8]	260 HFpEF pts	181 (70)	30 month follow-up	No difference in invasive hemodynamic parameters between women and men with HFpEF. LV mass index was significantly higher in men, and LVEF measured by CMR was significantly higher in women.
Gori et al. [37]	279 HFpEF pts	159 (57)	3 year follow-up	Indexed LV mass and volumes were significantly lower in women with HFpEF. Indexed left atrial volume, LVEF and LV filling pressure were significantly higher in men. There was no difference in LV longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain between women and men with HFpEF. Effective arterial elastance, LV end systolic elastance and diastolic stiffness were higher among women with HFpEF.

HFpEF—heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, LV—left ventricle.