Table 3.

Recent research of nano-drug delivery system in wound treatment and skin regeneration

Formulation	Drug	Administration	Outcome	Refs.
Liposomes	bFGF	Smearing wound every 3 days	Accelerated the wound closure of mice with deep second-degree scald, expedited regeneration of vascular vessels	[43]
Liposomes	Madecassoside	Smearing wound once a day for 12 days	Enhanced permeation and distribution in skin so as to exhibit superior burn wound healing effect	[111]
Liposomal membrane	Usnic acid	Topical treatment applied every 4 days	Enhanced maturation of granulation tissue and better collagen deposition	[44]
Deformable liposomes	EGF, PDGF-A and IGF-1	Topical treatment, once a day for 11 days	Significantly enhanced the healing of chronic wounds due to synergistic effect of complex	[47]
Deformable liposomes	Curcumin	Topical treatment, once a day for 18 days	Shorten inflammatory process, prevent infection and promoted fibrosis, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization and wound contraction	[49]
Deformable liposomes	Baicalin	Daily topical treatment for 3 days	Complete skin restoration and inhibition of inflammatory markers such as oedema, TNF-α and IL-1β	[48]
Nanoparticles	Thrombin	Topical treatment	Advanced process of healing, improved skin tensile strength, reduced complications in surgery	[66]
Nanoparticles	Silver	Topically given with dressing every day	Rapid healing and improved cosmetic appearance were achieved via reduction in wound inflammation, and modulation of fibrogenic cytokines	[64]
Nanoparticles	Cerium oxide	Topical treatment once a day for 13 days	Reduced the oxidative stress at wound site and protected regenerative tissue, providing favorable environment for restoration	[112]
Nanoparticles	ZnO2	Topical treatment	Had good antibacterial activity and accelerated wound healing in animal model	[65]
Hydrogel loading nanoparticles	Asiatic acid/ZnO/CuO	Topical treatment	Raised DNA, total protein, hexosamine and hydroxyproline content and rendered superior re-epithelization, collagen fibers arrangement and angiogenesis	[67]
Hydrogel loading nanoparticles	Silver oxide	Local injection	Showed excellent antimicrobial activity and burn wound healing in the second burn rat model	[113]
Nanoparticles	LL37	Intradermally injection	Significantly promoted granulation, collagen deposition, re-epithelialized and neovascularized composition	[59]
Microspheres/scaffold	Mupirocin	Applied topically, covered and tied	Combated infection and stimulated fibroblast proliferation and dermal collagenization	[114]
Nanoparticles	Norfloxacin	Applied topically	Sustained drug release to 24 h, retained antimicrobial efficacy and exhibited good stability	[60]
Nanoparticles	Amphotericin B	Applied topically every other day	Equipped with strong anti-fungi capacity and quicker efficiency in fungal clearance	[61]
Nanoparticles	hVEGF gene/stem cells	Intramuscularly injection	Facilitated angiogenesis and limb salvage, also reduced muscle degeneration and tissue fibrosis	[62]
SLNs/NLCs	EGF	Administered topically twice a week	Significantly improved wound closure, restoration of the inflammatory phase, and re-epithelialization	[72]
SLNs	LL37 and A1	Applied topically	Promoted wound closure in fibroblast cells and keratinocytes, simultaneously enhanced antibacterial activity	[73]
NLCs/scaffold	Andrographolide	Applied every other day 21 days	Enhanced the wound healing with no scar and improved tissue quality	[74]
Bioadhesive gel containing SLNs	Cyclosporine A	Administered topically twice a day	Significantly increased rate of mucosal repair	[115]
Nanofibers	Lawsone	Locally delivered every three days over a period of 14 days	Significantly increased in TGF-β1 and Collagen gene expression in vitro and promoted re-epithelialization of the wound in vivo	[80]
Nanofibrous dressing	Astragaloside IV	Locally delivered at the wound site every 2 days	Stimulated wound closure, increased angiogenesis, regulated newly formed types of collagen, and collagen organization	[81]
Nanofibrous membranes	Collagen/Zein	Applied topically/single	Exerted antibacterial activity and induced fast tissue regeneration	[116]
Nanofibers loaded with nanoparticles	Cefazolin/zinc oxide	Applied topically/single	Showed great anti-bacterial activity, enhanced cell adhesion and epithelial migration, contributed to faster and more efficient collagen synthesis	[117]
Nanofibrous scaffold	Human bone marrow stem cells	Applied topically	Boosted cell growth rate and accelerated wound recovery	[118]
Scaffold loaded with nanoparticles	Silver	Applied topically	Strong anti-microbial capability and excellent biocompatibility with fibroblast cells	[83]
Nanofibrous scaffold carrying with nanoparticles	PDGF-BB and VEGF	Topically placed on the wound site	Accelerated tissue regeneration and remodeling, promoted angiogenesis	[119]
Hydrosol/scaffold	TiO2	Applied topically	Strongly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and induced red blood cells aggregation to stop bleeding	[84]
Nanofibrous scaffold carrying with nanoparticles	Fe3O4	Applied topically	A suitable scaffold for cell adhesion with favorable magnetic behavior and low cytotoxicity	[85]
Hybrid nanostructures/hydrogel	Ag/Ag–AgCl/ZnO	Applied every 2 days for 14 days	Stimulated the immune function, produced the synergistic antibacterial effects and accelerated wound healing	[120]
Nanohydrogel	Nanosilicates/VEGF	Applied topically	Enhanced cell adhesion and spreading, reduced blood clotting time, facilitated in vitro tissue regeneration and wound healing	[92]
Nanohydrogel	K2(SL)6K2	Subcutaneous injection	Provoked an inflammatory response, stimulated host cells to secret wide range of cytokines, so as to promote cell recruitment and angiogenesis	[121]
Nanohydrogel	Acrylic acid	Applied topically	Maintained the activity and morphology of human dermal fibroblasts, promoted rapid cell proliferation, and affected 9 gene expression related to wound healing	[91]
Nanohydrogel	Baicalin	Topically smeared every day for 4 days	Faster and more complete skin restoration and inhibition of specific inflammatory markers were noticed	[90]
Nanohydrogel	Ultrashort aliphatic peptides	Applied topically	Earlier onset and completion of autolytic debridement as well as faster wound closure compared with a commercial product	[122]