Table 3.
Group comparisons of working memory, praxis, and calculation; median (range)
| M (n) | SD (n = 8) | NfvPPA (n = 12) | lvPPA (n = 13) | AD (n = 14) | Quade's ANCOVA F (df = 3) | Controls (n = 19) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Working memory | |||||||
| Digit span forwards | 0 | 5.5 (3–8)a | 4.0 (0–6)b | 5.0 (2–6) | 4.5 (2–8) | 2.772 | 8.0 (5–9) |
| Digit span reverse | 0 | 4.0 (2–6)a , c | 2.0 (0–4)b | 3.0 (1–4) | 2.5 (1–4)b | 6.514** | 4.0 (3–8) |
| Manchester word repetition/40 | 1 | 40.0 (40–40) | 40.0 (0–40) | 40.0 (33–40) | 40.0 (35–40) | 3.100* | 40.0 (40–40) |
| Manchester immediate and delayed word repetition/36 | 0 | 35.5 (21–36) | 34.0 (0–36) | 33.0 (6–36) | 34.0 (5–36) | 1.325 | 36.0 (35–36) |
| Immediate/18 | 0 | 18.0 (14–18) | 17.0 (0–18) | 17.0 (6–18) | 18.0 (5–18) | 1.424 | 18.0 (17–18) |
| Delayed/18 | 0 | 17.5 (7–18) | 16.5 (0–18) | 16.0 (0–18) | 16.0 (0–18) | 0.857 | 18.0 (17–18) |
| Sentence repetition/24 | 1 | 24.0 (23–24)a | 14.0 (0–24)b | 23.0 (0–24) | 23.0 (0–24) | 3.865* | 24.0 (24–24) |
| Pointing span | 1 | 4.5 (4–9) | 5.0 (0–6) | 4.0 (0–7) | 3.0 (0–7) | 1.536 | 8.0 (5–11) |
| Modified Brown–Peterson total/54 | 2 | 50.5 (35–54)d | 44.5 (0–54) | 36.0 (5–46)b | 40.0 (0–54) | 4.047* | 53.5 (46–54) |
| Immediate/18 | 2 | 18.0 (16–18)c , d | 16.0 (0–18) | 15.0 (5–17)b | 15.0 (0–18)b | 5.100** | 18.0 (17–18) |
| 5‐s delay/18 | 2 | 17.0 (13–18)d | 15.0 (0–18) | 8.0 (0–17)b | 14.0 (0–18) | 3.293* | 18.0 (16–18) |
| Distraction & delay/18 | 2 | 16.5 (6–18)d | 13.0 (0–18) | 9.0 (0–16)b | 11.0 (0–18) | 2.960* | 18.0 (12–18) |
| Visual patterns test | 2 | 5.5 (3–9)c | 5.5 (0–9) | 5.0 (1–8) | 3.5 (0–7)b | 3.403* | 6.0 (4–9) |
| Visual array comparison test: colour/10 | 4 | 4.0 (1–7) | 4.0 (0–8) | 3.5 (0–10) | 1.5 (0–6) | 1.829 | 6.0 (1–10) |
| Visual array comparison test: location/10 | 4 | 7.0 (0–10) | 6.5 (0–10) | 8.0 (0–10) | 1.5 (0–5) | 2.287 | 8.0 (2–10) |
| Praxis: Manchester praxis screen | |||||||
| Orofacial/25 | 0 | 25.0 (22–25)a | 20.0 (4–23)b , c , d | 25.0 (21–25)a | 25.0 (22–25)a | 12.903*** | 25.0 (25–25) |
| Actions/10 | 10.0 (9–10)a | 8.0 (4–10)b , c , d | 10.0 (10–10)a | 10.0 (9–10)a | 8.069** | 10.0 (10–10) | |
| Sounds/speech praxis/3 | 3.0 (3–3)a | 1.0 (0–3)b , c , d | 3.0 (1–3)a | 3.0 (2–3)a | 23.325*** | 3.0 (3–3) | |
| Emotions/6 | 6.0 (3–6) | 5.0 (0–6)d | 6.0 (3–6)a | 6.0 (4–6) | 4.351** | 6.0 (6–6) | |
| Pantomime/6 | 6.0 (6–6)a | 6.0 (0–6)b | 6.0 (5–6) | 6.0 (4–6) | 3.571* | 6.0 (6–6) | |
| Upper limb/32 | 0 | 29.0 (24–32) | 26.5 (5–32) | 32.0 (22–32) | 28.0 (1–32) | 1.110 | 32.0 (32–32) |
| Right total/16 | 14.5 (12–16) | 13.5 (3–16) | 16.0 (12–16) | 14.5 (1–16) | 1.003 | 16.0 (16–16) | |
| Left total/16 | 14.5 (11–16) | 13.5 (0–16) | 16.0 (10–16) | 13.5 (0–16) | 1.027 | 16.0 (16–16) | |
| Gesture total/16 | 15.0 (10–16) | 14.5 (5–16) | 16.0 (12–16) | 15.5 (1–16) | 1.191 | 16.0 (16–16) | |
| Pantomime total/16 | 14.0 (12–16) | 13.0 (0–16) | 16.0 (9–16) | 13.5 (0–16) | 0.924 | 16.0 (16–16) | |
| Calculation | |||||||
| Manchester calculation test/12 | 12.0 (8–12)a , d | 4.0 (1–12)b | 6.0 (2–12)b , c | 3.0 (0–10)b , d | 11.035*** | 11.0 (7–12) | |
df, degrees of freedom; lvPPA, logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia; m, missing; nfvPPA, non‐fluent/agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia; s, seconds; SD, semantic dementia.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .0001.
aSignificant versus non‐fluent/agrammatic patients.
bSignificant versus SD patients.
cSignificant versus AD patients.
dSignificant versus logopenic patients.