Table 1.

Sources of micronutrients considered in establishing the tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) set by the Institute of Medicine for the United States and Canada1, 2, 3, 21

^aFrom intake of preformed vitamin A or retinol (not to include beta‐carotene).

Note: Green shading indicates that the source is considered safe with no reports of adverse effects from intake of that source.

Gray shading indicates that the source lacks specific data related to excess, was not considered, was not specified in the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, or does not exist in typical environments (e.g., water).

Orange shading indicates that the source was associated with adverse effects.

Green/orange (UL) shading indicates that the source was considered safe, but it is included as part of total intake for the UL.