Table 1.
Participant characteristics and demographics for FASD and control groups
| FASD | Control | p valuec | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Participant characteristics | n = 17 | n = 27 | |
| Mean age 1st scan (years) | 8.2 ± 1.8 (5.4–11.8) | 8.5 ± 1.6 (5.7–11.6) | ns |
| Mean age last scan (years) | 11.4 ± 2.1 (8.4–15.3) | 12.0 ± 1.8 (7.4–15.2) | ns |
| Mean time between scans (years) | 3.2 ± 0.7 (2.0–4.2) | 3.6 ± 0.9 (1.2–4.2) | ns |
| No. males (%) | 11 (65) | 15 (56) | ns |
| No. right handed (%) | 13 (76) | 26 (96) | 0.046 |
| Demographics | n = 16a | n = 21 | |
| Ethnicity (%) | |||
| Caucasian | 8 (47) | 20 (95) | 0.001 |
| Aboriginal | 8 (53) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Other | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | ns |
| Median annual household income | $76,000–$100,000 | $76,000–100,000 | ns |
| Caregiver status (%) | |||
| Biological parent(s) | 0 (0) | 21 (100) | <0.001 |
| Adopted | 9 (53) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Foster | 4 (29) | 0 (0) | 0.017 |
| Biological relative | 3 (18) | 0 (0) | 0.41 |
| Mean number of foster care placements per child | 1.4 | 0.0 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities (%) | |||
| ADHD | 11 (65) | 1 (5)b | <0.001 |
| Oppositional Defiant Disorder | 4 (24) | 0 (0) | 0.017 |
| Anxiety | 5 (29) | 0 (0) | 0.007 |
| Other | 6 (35) | 0 (0) | 0.002 |
| Psychoactive medications (%) | |||
| Atypical Antipsychotic | 11 (65) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Psycho-stimulant | 10 (59) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Antidepressant | 5 (29) | 0 (0) | 0.007 |
| Other | 3 (18) | 0 (0) | 0.043 |
| Average number per subject | 1.9 | 0 | <0.001 |
aDemographic information was collected at the second scan for FASD group but retrospectively by phone questionnaire for controls; demographic data was not collected for one FASD subject, and six control subjects were lost to follow-up or did not return phone calls.
bParent-reported (diagnosis not confirmed); not medicated at time of MRI.
cGroup differences in categorical variables (e.g. gender) assessed with Mann–Whitney U; continuous variables (e.g., age) tested with independent sample t test (at p < 0.05).