Figure 1.

Measurement of the DPPS size. Top, Group-average HBR waveforms elicited while the hand was placed at four distances from the eye: “ultra-far,” 60 cm; “far,” 40 cm; “near,” 20 cm; “ultra-near,” 4 cm. Bottom, Point-by-point one-way ANOVA and post hoc comparisons exploring the effect of “hand position” at different distances. These results show that the DPPS has a sharp boundary, located between 20 and 40 cm from the face, and that within such space there is a thin, highest-risk area closest to the face (i.e., an “ultra-near” defensive space).