Comparison of task performance changes during virtual surgery and control experiments. A, Angular error of the initial movement direction with respect to the target direction, averaged across subjects and blocks of 24 trials (solid lines; shaded areas indicate SEM) for compatible virtual surgery (green), incompatible virtual surgery (red), compatible control (cyan), and incompatible control (magenta) experiments. B, Fraction of trials in which the cursor did not reach and hold on the target, averaged across subjects and blocks of 24 trials. Differences between compatible and incompatible conditions in both performance measures were significant at the end of the exposure to the perturbation (surgery block 12) in the virtual surgery experiments, but not in the control experiments.