Figure 1.

A, Spatial consistency of rTMS target sites in the right DLPFC. For illustration purposes, individual coordinates of the center of stimulation sites in DLPFC were derived from the functional neuronavigation software, approximated by 5 mm spheres, normalized to standard MNI space, and superimposed to create a heat map of TMS stimulation sites for all subjects. The group map is overlaid on sagittal (left) and transversal (right) sections of a structural template. Color bar represents number of subjects with overlapping stimulation targets at a given voxel in normalized space. Please note that the figure underestimates the topology of locally induced electrical fields. B, Effects of rTMS on DLPFC–hippocampus functional coupling as quantified with a correlative measure (“seeded connectivity”). Left, Significant decrease in functional connectivity of the right DLPFC and left hippocampus under rTMS relative to sham TMS during working memory performance, but no significant effects at rest. Bar plots depict the mean value for the connectivity estimates of the peak voxel stratified by treatment condition. Error bars illustrate the variance of parameter estimates (±SEM). Right, heat map of the n-back group connectivity statistics overlaid on a coronal template section of the brain (p = 0.005 uncorrected, for presentation purposes). Color bar represents t values. SC, Seeded connectivity; HF, hippocampus formation; NS, not significant.