Table 3.
Variable | Snack consumed | Unadjusted bivariateb | Adjusted multivariablec | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (n) | OR | (95% CI) | p‐valued | OR | (95% CI) | p‐valued | |
Maternal factors | |||||||
Maternal age (year) | 1.01 | (0.98, 1.05) | 0.477 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | |
Parity | |||||||
Primaparous | 77.5 (145) | 1 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ||
Multiparous | 84.1 (259) | 1.53 | (0.93, 2.52) | 0.093 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
Maternal education | |||||||
Elementary, Junior high | 90.3 (93) | 3.12 | (1.35, 7.21) | 0.002 | 3.93 | (1.39, 11.10) | 0.009 |
Senior high | 83.1 (177) | 1.65 | (1.13, 2.41) | 2.03 | (1.30, 3.18) | ||
Diploma, University | 74.9 (134) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Any work in past month | |||||||
Yes | 77.1 (118) | 0.66 | (0.43, 1.00) | 0.054 | 0.62 | (0.38, 1.03) | 0.067 |
No | 83.6 (286) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Hours away from child preceding day | |||||||
0 | 82.5 (340) | 1 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ||
>0 to <8 | 83.3 (25) | 1.06 | (0.42, 2.68) | 0.237 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
≥8 | 73.6 (39) | 0.59 | (0.32, 1.09) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | |
Reported exposure to snack food promotion | |||||||
Yes | 81.6 (394) | 0.86 | (0.23, 3.46) | 0.861 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
No | 83.3 (10) | 1 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ||
Child factors | |||||||
Child age (months) | |||||||
6.0–11.9 | 46.5 (46) | 1 | 1 | ||||
12.0–17.9 | 84.9 (84) | 6.45 | (3.60, 11.55) | <0.001 | 5.27 | (2.17, 12.82) | <0.001 |
18.0–23.9 | 89.9 (89) | 10.25 | (4.69, 22.41) | 6.99 | (2.61, 18.76) | ||
24.0–29.9 | 95.0 (94) | 21.66 | (9.78, 47.96) | 10.56 | (3.56, 31.32) | ||
30.0–35.9 | 91.9 (91) | 13.11 | (5.73, 29.98) | 6.17 | (1.74, 21.93) | ||
Child sex | |||||||
Male | 81.0 (217) | 0.91 | (0.57, 1.46) | 0.696 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
Female | 82.4 (187) | 1 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ||
Sick preceding day | |||||||
Yes | 79.9 (250) | 0.72 | (0.45, 1.16) | 0.179 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
No | 84.6 (154) | 1 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ||
Amount ate preceding day versus normal | |||||||
Same amount | 82.3 (149) | 1 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ||
Less food | 80.5 (194) | 0.89 | (0.54, 1.46) | 0.838 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
More food | 82.6 (61) | 1.09 | (0.65, 1.84) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | |
Ate different foods preceding day versus normal | |||||||
Yes | 84.2 (101) | 1.26 | (0.73, 2.18) | 0.402 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
No | 80.8 (303) | 1 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ||
Breastfed preceding day | |||||||
Yes | 76.1 (207) | 1 | 1 | ||||
No | 88.3 (197) | 2.38 | (1.43, 3.96) | 0.001 | 0.90 | (0.42, 1.96) | 0.800 |
BMS preceding day | |||||||
Yes | 81.2 (199) | 0.95 | (0.55, 1.65) | 0.854 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
No | 82.0 (205) | 1 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ||
CPCF preceding day | |||||||
Yes | 60.5 (112) | 0.90 | (0.05, 0.16) | <0.001 | 0.15 | (0.08, 0.29) | <0.001 |
No | 94.2 (292) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Household factors | |||||||
Number household members | 1.00 | (0.90, 1.12) | 0.998 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | |
Wealth tercile | |||||||
Lowest wealth | 82.6 (95) | 1.60 | (0.93, 2.77) | 0.241 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
Middle wealth | 85.4 (152) | 1.31 | (0.70, 2.45) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | |
Highest wealth | 77.7 (157) | 1 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
Note. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; BMS, breastmilk substitute; CPCF, commercially produced complementary food; OR, odds ratio.
All analyses utilize logistic regression controlled for clustering at the health facility.
Unadjusted odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p‐values from bivariate analysis.
All factors significant at p ≤ 0.05 in bivariate analysis were included in the full adjusted multivariable model. Adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals, and p‐values from the full model are reported. The dashes indicate that the variable was not included in the full model.
p‐value reported for categorical variables is the p‐value for the overall variable, not individual categories.