IL-1β and TNF-α are necessary for LTP induction in vitro. Recordings were performed in lamina I neurons of the spinal cord dorsal horn. A, Bath application of IL-1ra (40 ng/ml) does not prevent LTP induction in 8 of 14 neurons tested (p > 0.05 compared with untreated slices, Fisher's exact test). B, A soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR1, 0.5 μg/ml) also does not inhibit LTP induction by HFS in 8 of 13 neurons recorded (p > 0.05 compared with untreated slices, Fisher's exact test). C, Application of both IL-1ra and sTNFR1 prevents LTP induction in all neurons tested (n = 9, p < 0.05 compared with untreated slices, Fisher's exact test).