Effects of IL-1β and TNF-α on synaptic transmission mediated by NMDA or AMPARs. Means ± SEM of NMDAR-evoked (A–C) or AMPAR-evoked (D–F) EPSC amplitudes were calculated and plotted against time (min). A, NMDAR-mediated currents do not change significantly over a recording period of 40 min (n = 5, p > 0.05, one-way RM ANOVA). B, Bath application of TNF-α increases synaptic transmission mediated by NMDARs in a subset (8 of 17) of lamina I neurons (p < 0.001, one-way RM ANOVA). C, In nine neurons recorded, IL-1β significantly potentiates NMDAR-mediated EPSC amplitude (p < 0.001, 20 min after wash-in of IL-1β compared with baseline, one-way RM ANOVA). D, AMPAR-mediated currents stayed stable over a recording period of 30 min (n = 5 neurons, p > 0.05, one-way RM ANOVA). E, TNF-α (20 ng/ml) significantly enhances AMPAR-mediated currents in nine of 23 neurons tested (p < 0.05, 20 min after TNF-α application compared with baseline). F, In eight neurons tested, IL-1β (20 ng/ml) has no significant effect on AMPAR-mediated currents (p > 0.05, 20 min after IL-1β compared with pre-observation).