. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019 May;15(5):301–316. doi: 10.1038/s41581-019-0111-1

Table 2 |.

Some uremic toxins that interact with OAT1 and/or OAT3

Metabolite	In vivo metabolomics^a		In vitro Interaction
Metabolite	OAT1	OAT3	OAT1	OAT3
CMPF	NS	✓	✓	✓
Creatinine	✓	✓	✓	✓
Cysteine	✓	NS	✓	✓
Hypoxanthine	NS	NS	✓	✓
Indoleacetate	NS	✓	✓	✓
Indoxyl sulfate	✓	✓	✓	✓
Kynurenate	✓	NS	✓	✓
Kynurenine	✓	✓	✓	ND
N2,N2-dimethyl-guanosine	✓	NS	ND	ND
N6-methyladenosine	✓	NS	ND	ND
Orotate	✓	NS	ND	ND
p-Cresol sulfate	NS	✓	✓	✓
Putrescine	NS	✓	ND	ND
S-adenosylhomocysteine	✓	NS	ND	ND
Trimethylamine-N-oxide	NS	✓	ND	ND
Uric acid	✓	✓	✓	✓

CMPF; 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid; ND, not done; NS, no significant change; OAT, organic anion transporter.

Plasma and urine levels of each metabolite were compared in Slc22a6-knockout and Slc22a8-knockout mice, both versus wild-type mice. Data compiled from several studies, including refs^{7,102,184,185}.