Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population
| Variable | HIV‐positive n = 474 | HIV‐uninfected n = 109 | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 12.0 (1.6) | 11.8 (1.8) | 0.257 |
| Male, n % | 247 (51.7) | 47 (45.2) | 0.231 |
| Height z‐score | −1.3 (1.1) | −0.5 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 21.5 (3.5) | 20.8 (5.1) | 0.082 |
| Viral load category, copies/mL | – | ||
| <50, n (%) | 369 (77.9) | ||
| 50 to 1000, n (%) | 46 (9.7) | ||
| 1001 to 10,000, n (%) | 32 (6.8) | ||
| >10,000, n (%) | 26 (5.5) | ||
| CD4 count, cells/mm3 | 712 (571 to 959) | – | |
| WHO HIV staging at HIV diagnosis, n (%) | |||
| I | 34 (7.2) | ||
| II | 47 (9.9) | ||
| III | 266 (56.1) | ||
| IV | 105 (22.2) | ||
| ART used | |||
| NNRTI+2NRTI | 282 (59.5) | ||
| PI+2NRTI | 175 (36.9) | ||
| Others | 9 (1.9) | ||
| Previous PTB, n (%) | 287 (58.5) | 2 (0) | <0.001 |
| Previous severe LRTI, n (%) | 134 (28.3) | 1 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Tobacco smoke exposure, n (%) | 119 (25.0) | 22 (20.9) | 0.279 |
| Poor ART adherence, n (%) | 111 (23.4) | – | |
| ART duration, years, n (%) | 7.0 (3.0) | – | |
| Age at ART initiation, years | 4.4 (2.0 to 7.0) | ||
| Shortness of breath, n (%) | 16 (3.4) | 2 (1.8) | 0.402 |
| History of wheeze, n (%) | 51 (10.8) | 6 (5.5) | 0.096 |
| History of cough, n (%) | 69 (14.6) | 8 (7.3) | 0.045 |
| History of doctor‐diagnosed asthma, n (%) | 57 (12.0) | 6 (5.5) | 0.048 |
| Finger clubbing, n (%) | 16 (3.5) | 0 | 0.052 |
ART, antiretroviral therapy; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infections; NNRTI, non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; PTB, pulmonary tuberculosis; WHO, World Health Organization.
Values are mean/SD except for age at ART initiation, viral load and CD4 which are median (IQR). *p values derived from chi‐square or two sample t‐test.