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. 2013 Apr 24;33(17):7154–7164. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1331-12.2013

Figure 7.

Figure 7.

Context-dependent reversal learning. A, Preconditioning phase: bees were presented with context 1 for 1 min followed by odors A, B, and C. After 1 min, context 1 was turned off. Immediately context 2 was presented and odors A, B, and C were presented as in context 1, and after 1 min context 2 was turned off. This comprised one preconditioning trial, and the bees were subjected to two such trials. Conditioning phase: bees were presented with context 1, and after 1 min, odor A was presented together with the sugar reward (US) whereas odor B was presented without any US. After 1 min, context 1 was turned off and immediately context 2 was turned on. In context 2, the rewards were reversed, i.e., the previously rewarded odor A was now not rewarded whereas odor B was presented together with US. Context 2 was turned off after 1 min. Bees were subjected to five conditioning trials. Postconditioning phase: same as preconditioning trials but each trial was presented once at 15, 60, and 120 min after conditioning. B, The change in neuronal response measured as ΔSFR toward odor A in context 1 (rewarded) were significantly reduced at 60 min (p < 0.05) and 120 min (p < 0.01) after conditioning compared with odors B and C, whereas ΔSFR toward the rewarded odor B in context 2 was also reduced at 60 and 120 min (two-way repeated-measures ANOVA: odor A in yellow + 32°C context, 60 min, p < 0.05 and 120 min, p < 0.01; odor B in blue + 19°C context, 120 min, p < 0.05; overall effect, F(5,384) = 11.01). The change in neuronal response toward context 1 increased at 60 and 120 min (p < 0.01; overall effect, F(1,128) = 7.985) but did not change in context 2. The abscissa gives the average ΔSFR for each group, and error bars represent SEM. C, Plot showing percentage partial reversal (Table 2) at 15, 60, and 120 min after conditioning; >20% of the bees showed partial reversal. D, Plot showing percentage complete reversal at 15, 60, and 120 min after conditioning. More than 70% of the partial and complete reversals were in yellow + 32°C context. Cochran's Q test for partial reversal: 15 min, Q = 28.1333, df = 2, p < 0.01; 60 min, Q = 34.11, df = 2, p < 0.01; 120 min, Q = 34.11, df = 2, p < 0.01; Cochran's Q test for complete reversal: 15 min, Q = 16.22, df = 2, p < 0.01; 60 min, Q = 10.33, df = 2, p < 0.01; 120 min, Q = 10.33, df = 2, p < 0.01.