Table 3. BCTs used in physiotherapy interventions of included RCTs.
| BCT LABEL | BEHAVIOURAL PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTIONS | ACTIVE COMPARATORS | N (%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |||
| 1.1A | Goal Setting behaviour (behaviour) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 5 (16) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1.1B | goal setting (behaviour) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 22 (71) | |||||||||
| 1.2 | Problem Solving | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 7 (23) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1.3B | Goal setting (outcome) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 3 (10) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1.4 | Action planning | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 29 (94) | ||
| 1.5 | Review behaviour goal (s) | ✓ | ✓ | 2 (6) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1.8 | Behavioural contract | ✓ | 1 (3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2.1 A | Monitoring of behaviour by others without feedback | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 8 (26) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2.1 B | Monitoring of behaviour by others without feedback | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 5 (16) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2.2 | Feedback on behaviour | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 12 (39) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2.3A | Self-Monitoring of behaviour | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 18 (58) | |||||||||||||
| 2.3B | Self-Monitoring of behaviour | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 7 (23) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2.6 | Biofeedback | ✓ | 1 (3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2.7 | Feedback on outcomes of behaviour | ✓ | ✓ | 2 (6) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1A | Social Support (Unspecified) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 (42) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1B | Social Support (Unspecified) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 3 (10) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.1 | Instruction in how to perform the behaviour | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 29 (94) | ||
| 4.2 | Information on Antecedents | ✓ | ✓ | 2 (6) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5.1 | Information about health consequences | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 4 (13) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5.3 | Information about social and environmental consequences | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 3 (10) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6.1 | Demonstration of the behaviour | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 12 (39) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 8.1 | Behavioural Practice/ rehearsal | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 27 (87) | ||||
| 8.6 | Generalisation of the target behaviour | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 31 (100) |
| 8.7 | Graded tasks | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 16 (52) | |||||||||||||||
| 9.1 | Credible Source | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 31 (100) |
| 10.3 | Non-specific Reward | ✓ | 1 (3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 11.2 | Reduce Negative Emotions | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 3 (10) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12.4 | Distraction | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 3 (10) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12.5 | Adding objects to the environment | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 11 (35) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 12.6 | Body Changes | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 31 (100) |
| 15.4 | Self-talk | ✓ | ✓ | 2 (6) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| TOT | 9 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 20 | 16 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 13 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 15 | 10 | 9 | 17 | 14 | 15 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 344 | |
Key: TOT: Total number of BCTs found in RCT interventions; N: Number of times BCT identified across interventions; %: Percentage of times BCT appears across interventions: Intervention number 1–24 represent behavioural physiotherapy interventions; numbers 25–31 represent active comparator groups.
Behavioural Physiotherapy Interventions
Intervention numbers
1) Bennell 2005 2) Bennell 2010 3) Bennell 2014 (PT + Booster) 4) Bennell 2014b 5) Bennell 2016 (PT + PCST) 6) Bennell 2017 (PT+ TP coaching 7) Crossley 2015 8) Deyle 20009) 9) Dincer 2016 10) EMPART 2013 (Both Ex + MT interventions 11) Hiyama 2012(PT +PA goal) 12) Hunt 2013 (PT + PCST) 13) Jones 2012 14) Kawasaki 2009 15) Kuru-Colak 2017 16) Lim 2008 17) MOA 2013 18) Odole 2013 19) Schlenk 2011 20) Segal 2015 21) Teirlinck 2016 22) Van Baar 1998 23) Veenhof 2006 (PT + BGA) 24) Wallis 2016
Active Comparators
25) Bennell 2014 (PT Control) 26) Bennell 2016 (PCST) 27) Bennell 2016 (PT control) 28) Bennell 2017 (PT control) 29) Hiyama(PT control) 30) Hunt 2013 (PT control) 31) Veenhof 2006 (PT control)