Table 2.
Adjusted odds of onset and persistence of post-deployment Heavy Drinking among Army STARRS Pre/Post Deployment Study respondents
| Adjusted Odds-Ratio (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onset of Heavy Drinking post-deployment (n=3575) | Persistence of Heavy Drinking from pre- to post-deployment (n=1070) | |||
| Any HD | Chronic HD1 | Any HD | Chronic HD1 | |
| Soldier characteristics (assessed at T0) | ||||
| Age, y | 0.95 (0.93–0.98) | 0.94 (0.91–0.98) | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) |
| Wald X2(1) | 10.82** | 8.21** | 0.00 | 0.49 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 0.62 (0.41–0.94) | 0.35 (0.15–0.82) | 1.57 (0.76–3.23) | 0.63 (0.20–2.01) |
| Wald X2(1) | 5.16* | 5.76* | 1.49 | 0.61 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Black | 0.75 (0.53–1.06) | 0.84 (0.51–1.40) | 0.81 (0.52–1.27) | 0.76 (0.47–1.23) |
| Asian | 0.66 (0.41–1.07) | 0.90 (0.47–1.73) | 0.36 (0.16–0.84) | 0.49 (0.23–1.01) |
| Other | 1.21 (0.84–1.73) | 1.44 (0.91–2.28) | 0.93 (0.57–1.53) | 0.63 (0.37–1.08) |
| Wald X2(3) | 9.43* | 3.74 | 6.13 | 7.96* |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Hispanic | 0.88 (0.64–1.22) | 0.86 (0.55–1.37) | 0.70 (0.45–1.08) | 0.92 (0.56–1.51) |
| Wald X2(1) | 0.56 | 0.40 | 2.59 | 0.12 |
| Education | ||||
| High school degree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| General equivalency diploma | 0.69 (0.42–1.15) | 0.98 (0.46–2.09) | 0.82 (0.50–1.37) | 0.81 (0.49–1.35) |
| College degree | 0.85 (0.63–1.15) | 1.10 (0.79–1.53) | 1.10 (0.80–1.52) | 0.78 (0.50–1.22) |
| Wald X2(2) | 2.51 | 0.41 | 1.05 | 2.17 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1.21 (0.85–1.70) | 1.02 (0.53–1.96) | 1.24 (0.77–1.98) | 0.92 (0.61–1.39) |
| Never married | 1.44 (1.12–1.85) | 1.79 (1.28–2.50) | 1.51 (1.07–2.12) | 1.23 (0.91–1.66) |
| Wald X2(2) | 8.84* | 12.42** | 5.42 | 2.55 |
| Pre-deployment factors (assessed at T0) | ||||
| Prior Deployments | ||||
| Zero | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| One | 0.85 (0.67–1.08) | 0.77 (0.49–1.20) | 0.97 (0.70–1.35) | 1.12 (0.75–1.68) |
| Two or more | 0.80 (0.58–1.09) | 1.00 (0.59–1.68) | 1.19 (0.83–1.70) | 1.08 (0.64–1.80) |
| Wald X2(2) | 2.56 | 1.75 | 1.24 | 0.33 |
| Past-month Binge Drinking | 3.21 (2.57–4.02) | 2.69 (1.89–3.82) | - | - |
| Wald X2(1) | 104.68*** | 30.52*** | - | - |
| Past-month PTSD, MDE, GAD, or SI | 0.78 (0.52–1.17) | 0.76 (0.43–1.35) | 0.97 (0.58–1.63) | 0.77(0.46–1.29) |
| Wald X2(1) | 1.48 | 0.87 | 0.01 | 0.99 |
| Peri-deployment factors (assessed at T1) | ||||
| Combat/deployment stress (standardized) | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 1.00 (0.85–1.18) | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) |
| Wald X2(1) | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 1.73 |
| Personal life stress (standardized) | 1.20 (1.06–1.35) | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) | 0.99 (0.86–1.14) | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) |
| Wald X2(1) | 8.64** | 3.08 | 0.04 | 0.14 |
| Military life stress (standardized) | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 0.94 (0.77–1.13) | 0.97 (0.84–1.10) | 0.94 (0.81–1.10) |
| Wald X2(1) | 0.01 | 0.48 | 0.28 | 0.60 |
| PTSD symptom severity (standardized) | 1.14 (0.99–1.30) | 1.10 (0.91–1.33) | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | 0.95 (0.79–1.16) |
| Wald X2(1) | 3.43 | 0.96 | 0.36 | 0.22 |
| MDE/GAD symptom severity (standardized) | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 1.03 (0.81–1.32) | 1.20 (1.02–1.40) | 1.21 (0.95–1.55) |
| Wald X2(1) | 0.08 | 0.07 | 5.09* | 2.33 |
Note. CI=confidence interval; HD=heavy drinking; PTSD=posttraumatic stress disorder; MDE=major depressive episode; GAD=generalized anxiety disorder; SI=suicidal ideation. Each column displays the results for a separate weights-adjusted logistic regression model. Models also adjusted for Brigade Combat Team. Significant adjusted odds ratios (where the overall Wald X2 test is also statistically significant) are bolded.
*
p<.05;
**
p<.005;
***
p<.0005.
1
Chronic HD was defined as heavy drinking that was present at both 3 months and 9 months post-deployment (i.e., at both T2 and T3).