Cumulative fluid input (upper left panel), fluid output (upper right panel), and fluid balance (lower left panel) among patients in the conservative fluid management group (dotted line) and usual care group (solid line). The lower right panel displays the mean difference between groups in fluid balance on each study day. The diamond (mean) and bars (standard deviation) display the primary outcome of the difference between groups in mean daily fluid balance over the course of the trial. The numbers of patients in the conservative fluid management and usual care groups, respectively, were: 15 and 15 (day of enrollment), 14 and 14 (day 1), 10 and 9 (day 2), 7 and 8 (day 3), 5 and 3 (day 4), 4 and 3 (day 5), 2 and 1 (day 6), and 2 and 1 (day 7). The increase in cumulative fluid input in the conservative fluid management group on study days 7 and 8 resulted from a single patient who received 5,850 mL of oral free water over 48 hours for a sodium of 150 mmol/L.