Table 2.
Associations between demographic variables and time spent in MVPA, walking, active transportation, sedentary time, and sleep duration—Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2014 and 2015.
| Demographic variable | MVPA (min) | Walking (min) | Active transportation (min) | Sedentary time (min) | Sleep (h) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Youth (12–17 years) | |||||
| Age | 2.9 (–5.1 to 10.9) | 7.7 (1.4 to 14.0)* | 6.1 (1.4 to 10.8)* | 101.8 (67.9 to 135.7)⁎⁎⁎ | –1.4 (–1.6 to –1.2)⁎⁎⁎ |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Female | –20.7 (–26.8 to –14.6)⁎⁎⁎ | 0.1 (–4.4 to 4.6) | –2.7 (–6.4 to 1.0) | 51.0 (28.9 to 73.1)⁎⁎⁎ | –0.3 (–0.5 to –0.1)⁎⁎ |
| Household income | |||||
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Low-middle | 10.2 (–0.6 to 21.0) | –2.2 (–14.7 to 10.3) | 9.0 (–10.3 to 7.7) | –6.4 (–54.4 to 41.6) | 0.5 (–0.1 to 1.1) |
| Middle-high | 10.0 (0.2 to 19.8)* | –8.9 (–19.8 to 2.1) | –4.2 (–12.6 to 4.2) | 3.5 (–40.2 to 47.2) | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.0)⁎⁎ |
| High | 10.8 (1.0 to 20.6)* | –11.1 (–22.5 to 0.3) | –3.8 (–7.7 to 0.1) | 25.7 (–19.4 to 70.8) | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.0)⁎⁎ |
| Area of residence | |||||
| Metro Seoul | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Nonmetro Seoul | 0.4 (–6.5 to 7.3) | –4.2 (–9.7 to 1.3) | –3.8 (–7.7 to 0.1) | –44.2 (–69.9 to –18.5)⁎⁎ | 0.0 (–2.0 to 2.0) |
| Adults (18–64 years) | |||||
| Age | –40.2 (-52.5 to –27.9)⁎⁎⁎ | –6.2 (–19.7 to 7.3) | –19.9 (–25.6 to –14.2)⁎⁎⁎ | –312.2 (–351.4 to –273.0)⁎⁎⁎ | –1.2 (–1.4 to –1.0)⁎⁎⁎ |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Female | –11.1 (–14.8 to –7.4)⁎⁎⁎ | –3.4 (–7.1 to 0.3) | –0.1 (–1.7 to 1.5) | –19.4 (–31.3 to –7.5)⁎⁎ | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.1)⁎⁎ |
| Household income | |||||
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Low-middle | 4.7 (–2.0 to 11.4) | 3.3 (–3.8 to 10.4) | –2.0 (–6.0 to 1.9) | –15.6 (–42.1 to 10.9) | –0.0 (–2.0 to 2.0) |
| Middle-high | 4.7 (–1.8 to 11.2) | 0.1 (–6.4 to 6.6) | –4.7 (–8.8 to –0.6)* | 5.7 (–19.4 to 30.8) | –0.1 (–0.3 to 0.1) |
| High | 4.7 (–1.4 to 10.8) | 1.5 (–1.5 to 4.5) | –5.6 (–9.5 to –1.7)* | 43.6 (17.9 to 69.3)⁎⁎ | –0.2 (–0.4 to 0.0) |
| Area of residence | |||||
| Metro Seoul | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Nonmetro Seoul | 9.1 (4.8 to 13.4)⁎⁎⁎ | 1.0 (–3.5 to 5.5) | 1.1 (–1.1 to 3.3) | –89.6 (–104.5 to –74.7)⁎⁎⁎ | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.1) |
| Education | |||||
| ≥Post-secondary graduate | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| <Post-secondary graduate | –0.4 (–4.1 to 3.3) | 5.0 (1.1 to 8.9)* | 4.0 (2.2 to 5.8)⁎⁎⁎ | –60.5 (–72.7 to –48.3)⁎⁎⁎ | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0) |
| Older adults (≥65 years) | |||||
| Age | –26.8 (–31.7 to –21.9)⁎⁎⁎ | –47.8 (–63.9 to –31.7)⁎⁎⁎ | –17.5 (–26.5 to –8.5)⁎⁎⁎ | 234.2 (70.0 to 398.5)⁎⁎ | 2.7 (2.0 to 3.5)⁎⁎⁎ |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Female | –9.4 (–12.7 to –6.1)⁎⁎⁎ | –13.1 (–19.8 to –6.4)⁎⁎⁎ | –5.1 (–8.2 to –2.0)⁎⁎ | 21.6 (–0.4 to 43.6) | –0.4 (–0.6 to –0.2)⁎⁎⁎ |
| Household income | |||||
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Low-middle | 5.5 (1.0 to 10.0)* | 3.9 (–3.4 to 11.2) | 1.2 (–2.3 to 4.7) | –10.7 (–35.0 to 13.6) | –0.0 (–0.2 to 0.2) |
| Middle-high | 4.0 (–1.3 to 9.3) | 6.6 (–2.2 to 15.4) | –0.1 (–3.6 to 3.4) | –1.9 (–33.1 to 29.2) | –0.1 (–0.3 to 0.1) |
| High | 7.7 (3.6 to 11.8)⁎⁎⁎ | 8.9 (–1.9 to 19.7) | 3.5 (–4.5 to 11.5) | –5.9 (–43.9 to 32.1) | 0.0 (–0.2 to 0.2) |
| Area of residence | |||||
| Metro Seoul | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Nonmetro Seoul | 4.6 (1.5 to 7.7)⁎⁎ | –5.3 (–12.0 to 1.4) | 2.7 (–0.8 to 6.2) | –107.6 (–131.3 to –83.9)⁎⁎⁎ | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) |
| Education | |||||
| ≥Post-secondary graduate | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| <Post-secondary graduate | –10.9 (–17.0 to –4.8)⁎⁎ | –12.6 (–20.0 to –4.8)⁎⁎ | –1.7 (–6.6 to 3.2) | –4.2 (–43.4 to 35.0) | –0.2 (–0.4 to 0.0) |
Note: Values are unstandardized beta coefficients (95% confidence interval).* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.
Abbreviation: MVPA = moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity.