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. 2019 Mar 7;8(4):339–347. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.03.001

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© 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Fig 1 — Schematic illustration of the bidirectional relationship between physical activity/chronic exercise and executive functions/effortful control. The right arrow illustrates the causal link between regular physical activity/chronic exercise and executive functions/effortful control; that is, regularly practicing exercise leads to an improvement of executive functions and effortful control. The left arrow illustrates the causal link between executive functions/effortful control and practicing regular physical activity/exercise; that is, a high efficiency in executive functions and effortful control leads to a better adherence to exercise.