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. 2019 Jul 10;9:10002. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46449-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Time evolution of the collective water re-orientation at different electric field-strengths. The angle θ is between the water molecular bisector and the electric field. For the strongest considered field, the average of 20 independent trajectories is plotted, while each of the other two traces is based on a single MD trajectory. (b) Time evolution of the average angle between the molecular bisector and the three Cartesian axes for the strongest field at 4.3 × 10⁹ Vm⁻¹. The shaded region marks the duration of the electric field pulse. (c) Average time evolution of the temperature for the system plotted in (b).