Fig. 3.

DGLA attenuates IL-1β and TNF-α induced MCP-1 and ICAM-1 expression in human macrophages.

THP-1 macrophages were pre-incubated for 24 h with 50 μM DGLA (+) or DMSO vehicle (−). The cells were then treated for 24 h with 1000 U/ml of IL-1β or TNF-α as indicated (+) or its vehicle (−). Total RNA was subjected to RT-qPCR using primers against MCP-1 (A, C), ICAM-1 (B, D) or GAPDH. The mRNA levels were calculated using the comparative Ct method and normalized to the housekeeping gene with values from cells pre-incubated with DMSO vehicle and then treated with the cytokine given an arbitrary value of 1. Graphs display normalized gene expression (mean ± SEM) from three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using a One-way ANOVA (equal variances) with Tukey's post hoc analysis (*, p ≤ 0.05; **, p ≤ 0.01; ***, p ≤ 0.001).