Table 2.
Subject characteristics of the normoglycemic group and the group with prediabetes/T2D before and after exercise intervention
| Parameter | Normoglycemic |
Prediabetic/T2D |
P Value |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Baseline | Time | Dia × time | Training × time | |
| n | 28 | 26* | ||||||
| Age | 48 (46, 50) | 49 (48, 51) | ||||||
| Men/women,* n | 28/0 | 16/0 | ||||||
| Prediabetes/T2D, n | 5/11 | |||||||
| SIT/MICT, n | 14/14 | 9/7 | ||||||
| Anthropometrics | ||||||||
| Weight, kg | 83.6 (79.7, 87.5) | 83.3 (79.4, 87.2) | 96.3 (91.2, 101.5) | 96.2 (91.0, 101.3) | <0.001§ | 0.22 | 0.80 | 0.36 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.1 (25.1, 27.1) | 26.0 (25.0, 27.0) | 30.4 (29.1, 31.8) | 30.4 (29.0, 31.7) | <0.001§ | 0.17§ | 0.70 | 0.30 |
| Whole body fat,† % | 22.6 (20.9, 24.3) | 21.7 (20.0, 23.3) | 28.8 (26.5, 31.2) | 28.1 (25.7, 30.4) | <0.001§ | <0.001§ | <0.001§ | 0.62 |
| Subcutaneous fat mass,† kg | 4.1 (3.7, 4.5) | 4.0 (3.6, 4.4) | 5.6 (4.9, 6.4) | 5.5 (4.9, 6.4) | <0.001§ | 0.03§ | 0.93 | 0.65 |
| Visceral fat mass,‡ kg | 3.1 (2.7, 3.4) | 3.0 (2.6, 3.4) | 4.2 (5.0, 3.6) | 4.1 (4.8, 3.5) | <0.001§ | 0.002§ | 0.54 | 0.60 |
| V̇o2peak, ml·kg−1·min−1 | 34.2 (32.7, 35.7) | 35.7 (34.2, 37.2) | 29.3 (27.2, 31.4) | 30.0 (27.9, 32.1) | <0.001§ | 0.003§ | 0.23 | 0.005§ |
| Liver volume,† ml | 1,366 (1,282, 1,455) | 1,373 (1,289, 1,464) | 1,773 (1,628, 1,932) | 1,730 (1,587, 1,886) | <0.001§ | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0.95 |
| Glucose profile | ||||||||
| Glucosefasting,† mmol/l | 5.6 (5.4, 5.8) | 5.5 (5.3, 5.7) | 6.6 (6.3, 7.0) | 6.6 (6.3, 7.0) | <0.001§ | 0.86 | 0.71 | 0.83 |
| Glucoseclamp, mmol/l | 4.9 (4.8, 5.1) | 4.9 (4.8, 5.1) | 4.8 (4.6, 5.1) | 5.0 (4.7, 5.2) | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.86 |
| Insulinfasting FDGday,† mU/l | 5.5 (4.3, 7.0) | 5.4 (4.2, 6.9) | 13.1 (9.3, 18.3) | 12.0 (8.5, 17.0) | <0.001§ | 0.46 | 0.66 | 0.14 |
| Insulinclamp, mU/l | 75.4 (69.6, 81.2) | 76.5 (70.5, 82.5) | 87.6 (79.9, 95.4) | 86.0 (77.8, 94.2) | 0.02§ | 0.92 | 0.57 | 0.46 |
| EGP,‡ µmol·min−1·kg−1 | 5.5 (2.4, 8.5) | 4.2 (1.2, 7.2) | 18.6 (13.5, 23.5) | 13.0 (7.8, 18.4) | <0.001§ | 0.38 | 0.10 | 0.60 |
| Whole body insulin sensitivity (M-value),† µmol·min−1·kg−1 | 35.3 (30.0, 40.6) | 38.7 (33.3, 44.1) | 17.5 (10.3, 24.8) | 21.6 (14.2, 29.0) | <0.001§ | <0.001§ | 0.11 | 0.06 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 36.9 (35.2, 38.6) | 34.8 (33.0, 36.5) | 39.6 (37.3, 41.8) | 37.5 (35.2, 39.9) | 0.08 | <0.001§ | 0.75 | 0.38 |
| Lipid profile | ||||||||
| FFAfasting, mmol/l | 0.70 (0.62, 0.77) | 0.62 (0.54, 0.70) | 0.69 (0.60, 0.78) | 0.68 (0.58, 0.78) | 0.86 | 0.04§ | 0.11 | 0.01§ |
| FFAclamp,‡ mmol/l | 0.065 (0.05, 0.08) | 0.060 (0.05, 0.07) | 0.093 (0.07, 0.12) | 0.082 (0.06, 0.10) | 0.02§ | 0.15 | 0.70 | 0.76 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/l | 5.0 (4.7, 5.3) | 4.5 (4.1, 4.8) | 4.8 (4.4, 5.3) | 4.4 (3.9, 4.9) | 0.51 | <0.001§ | 0.57 | 0.12 |
| HDL,† mmol/l | 1.4 (1.2, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 0.10 | <0.001§ | 0.66 | 0.19 |
| LDL, mmol/l | 3.1 (2.9, 3.4) | 2.8 (2.5, 3.1) | 2.7 (2.3, 3.1) | 2.6 (2.2, 3.0) | 0.09 | 0.001§ | 0.16 | 0.12 |
| Triglycerides,† mmol/l | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.1) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | <0.001§ | 0.08 | 0.96 | 0.63 |
| Inflammatory markers | ||||||||
| CRP,† mg/l | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.5) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) | 0.81 | 0.001§ | 0.78 | 0.75 |
| ALAT,† U/l | 27.1 (23.1, 31.9) | 23.3 (19.7, 27.6) | 42.2 (34.0, 52.3) | 34.5 (27.5, 43.2) | <0.001§ | 0.001§ | 0.62 | 0.27 |
| ASAT,† U/l | 26.0 (23.2, 29.1) | 22.7 (20.1, 25.7) | 31.8 (27.3, 37.0) | 25.3 (21.4, 29.8) | 0.047§ | 0.003§ | 0.40 | 0.23 |
| GT,† U/l | 24.0 (19.0, 30.3) | 19.0 (15.0, 24.1) | 47.7 (35.0, 65.0) | 36.2 (26.3, 49.7) | <0.001§ | <0.001§ | 0.70 | 0.59 |
| PET data | ||||||||
| Whole lean liver GU, µmol/min | 57 (50, 64) | 59 (52, 67) | 66 (57, 75) | 67 (58, 76) | 0.10 | 0.32 | 0.77 | 0.09 |
| Whole lean liver FAU, µmol/min | 129 (105, 153) | 121 (95, 147) | 137 (111, 163) | 143 (115, 171) | 0.60 | 0.93 | 0.50 | 0.25 |
Values are model-based means with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses; number of subjects n = 44 (all men). The P value for baseline indicates the difference between the normoglycemic group and the group with prediabetes/type 2 diabetes (T2D). The P value for time indicates the change between pretraining (Pre) and posttraining (Post) measurements in the whole study group. The P value for diabetic status (Dia) × time interaction indicates whether the change in the parameter was different between the normoglycemic group and the group with prediabetes/T2D. The P value for training × time interaction indicates whether the change in the parameter was different between the sprint interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training modes. ALAT, alanine transaminase; ASAT, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; EGP, endogenous glucose production; FAU, fatty acid uptake; FFAclamp and FFAfasting, free fatty acid concentration during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and during fasting, respectively; Glucoseclamp and Glucosefasting, glucose concentration during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and during fasting, respectively; GT, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase; GU, glucose uptake; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; Insulinclamp and Insulinfasting FDGday, insulin concentration during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and during fasting on the day of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose injection, respectively; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; V̇o2peak, aerobic capacity (peak oxygen consumption).
Women were excluded from the analysis to avoid mixing effects of sex.
Log transformation was performed to achieve normal distribution.
Square root transformation was performed to achieve normal distribution.
P value is statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05).