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. 2019 Jul 5;14:4911–4929. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S209987

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© 2019 Anter et al.

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Positive signal for IHC staining of COX-2 in rats’ gastric tissues following (A) concurrent induction and treatment regimen and (B) post-treatment regimen. Statistical analysis of intensity of COX-2 positive signal in rats’ gastric tissues (C) following (a) concurrent induction and treatment regimen and (b) post-treatment regimen.

Notes: (I) Normal control group, (II) positive control group, (III) free APO treated group, and (IV) APO-loaded COS-NP_s (F4) treated group. Oral dose of free or loaded APO was 14 mg/kg. Thick black arrows point to strong COX-2 expression in areas of mucosal necrosis. Yellow arrows in insert point to positive signal. IHC counterstained with Mayer’s hematoxylin, 100× and insert 200×. Kruskal–Wallis test (non-parametric test) was applied followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test. *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 vs normal control group. ^#p<0.05 vs positive control group. ^$p<0.05 APO-loaded COS-NP_s (F4) treated group vs free APO treated group.

Abbreviations: APO, apocynin; COS, chitosan oligosaccharide; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; IHC, immunohistochemical; M, mucosa; NP_s, nanoparticles; SM, submucosa.