Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of biomarkers relevant to CSA-AKI.
| AKI detection preoperative |
AKI detection postoperative |
Helpful for diagnosis |
Severity prediction |
Mortality prediction |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-renal tubule-associated biomarkers | RFR UA |
Alb phosphorus |
RFR, Alb phosphorus |
UA | |
|
| |||||
| Renal tubule-associated biomarkers | UMOD | NGAL [TIMP-2]x [IGFBP-7] ApoM, MMP-7 |
NGAL [TIMP-2]x [IGFBP-7] UMOD |
MMP-7 [TIMP-2]x [IGFBP-7] ApoM |
MMP-7 |
|
| |||||
| Biomarkers of cardiac function | CK-MB H-FABP NT-proBNP |
hsTnT portal flow pulsatility AngII |
CK-MB, hsTnT H-FABPv NT-proBNP portal flow pulsatility |
AngII | AngII |
|
| |||||
| Biomarkers of inflammation | IL-6, 8 MCP-1 Gal-3 GDF-15 |
IL-18, TNF-α MCP-1 GSN CYR61 |
GSN GDF-15 |
IL-6, 8, 18 TNF-α Gal-3 CYR61 |
|
|
| |||||
| Other biomarkers | Hb FGF23 |
Hp2-2 Hepcidin-25 Renal oximetry Urinary PO2 MiR-21 UmtDNA |
Hp2-2, Hb Hepcidin-25 Renal oximetry Urinary PO2 MiR-21 UmtDNA |
UmtDNA FGF23 |
Hp2-2 Hb |
CSA-AKI: cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury; AKI: acute kidney injury; CK-MB: creatine kinase-MB; H-FABP: heart fatty acid binding protein; NT-proBNP: N-tnd persistederminal prohormone of brain natriuretic; AngII: angiotensin II; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; TIMP-2: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2; IGFBP-7: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; ApoM: apolipoprotein M; UMOD: urinary uromodulin; MMP-7: matrix metalloproteinase-7; IL: interleukin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1; Gal-3: galectin-3; GSN: gelsolin; CYR61: cysteine-rich protein 61; GDF-15: growth differentiation factor 15; RFR: renal functional reserve; Alb: albumin; UA: uric acid; Hp2-2: 2-2 phenotype of haptoglobin; Hb: hemoglobin; PO2: oxygen tension; MiR-21: microRNA-21; UmtDNA: urinary mitochondrial DNA; FGF23: fibroblast growth factor 23.