Figure 1.

Behavioral paradigm, stimulation and recording locations. a, Each session included three new stimuli, one CS+, and two CS−, one of which was the same modality of the CS+, and one was the other modality (stimuli were pure-tones or fractal images, all easily distinguishable perceptually and discriminated during learning). A new session started with a habituation phase, followed by an acquisition phase, and an extinction phase. All sessions were preceded by a retention test where we presented the three CS of the previous day and tested for spontaneous recovery of memory. In behavior-only sessions, there was only behavioral extinction, and in stimulation sessions the extinction included LFS in the dACC of 1 Hz for 15 min. b, The behavioral learned conditioned response (CR), averaged over all sessions in the trace-conditioning paradigm used. The CS was presented for 2 s, then after 500 ms break came the air-puff. The animals learned and started eye-blink/closure immediately after the end of the CS as an anticipatory response. c, d, MRI images of anatomical sections for the two animals with electrode tracks (black traces and dots), with overlaid recording locations (yellow dots) and stimulation locations (red dots) aligned by the position of the electrodes. MRIs were performed before, during, and after the recording period.