TMS and memory-masking results. A–D, Plots show accuracy (A′) of memory trials with TMS pulses (A, B) or memory masks (C, D) at 100, 200, or 400 ms into the retention interval. Here, TMS pulses and memory masks were spatially congruent to the memory trial in 50% of the trials. A, C, Mean accuracies are shown for the two memory loads and two visual fields after presentation of a TMS pulse (A) or memory mask (C). B, D, Mean interference effect of accuracy after presentation of a TMS pulse (B, TMS visual field—Control visual field) or a memory mask (D, Mask visual field—Control visual field). Error bars represent 1 SEM. TMS/Mask, TMS or memory-mask visual field; Ctrl, control visual field.