Figure 1.

dfmr1 mutant heterozygotes are learning and memory deficient. Mean PIs and their SEMs (PI ± SEM) are shown for the behavioral experiments. A, The black bars represent the performance of the genetic control strain w¹¹¹⁸, while other control genotypes are shown in the gray-shaded bars and the performance of mutant heterozygotes with the open bars. ANOVA indicated significant differences among the groups (p < 0.0001). We then used planned comparisons to uncover these differences. The performance of TM3 and TM6 heterozygotes was not significantly different from that of w¹¹¹⁸ controls (p = 0.872 and p = 0.1852, respectively). In contrast, the performance of dfmr1³/+ and dfmr1³/TM3 were significantly different from that of +/TM3 (p < 0.0001). Similarly, the performance of dfmr1³/+ and dfmr1³/TM6 were significantly different from that of +/TM6 (p < 0.0001). Note that performances of dfmr1³/+ animals were not different (p = 0.6648) whether their parents were TM6 or TM3-balanced. n ≥ 10. B, Controls are shown in black bars. Following initial ANOVA indicating significant differences (p < 0.0001), planned comparisons were used to compare performances of experimental groups (open bars) and relevant controls. Learning of dfmr1³ mutant heterozygotes was significantly different (p < 0.0001) from that of w¹¹¹⁸ controls, whereas that of dfmr1³/+ animals carrying a transgenic genomic fragment bearing the dfmr1 gene was not (p = 0.109). In contrast, the performance of dfmr1³/+ flies bearing a similar genomic transgene containing FS mutation remained significantly different (p < 0.0001) from controls (n ≥ 10 for all groups). C, The performance of dfmr1³/+ immediately after training with five rounds of 12 CS/US pairings was not significantly different from that of controls (p = 0.784, Student's t; n ≥ 8). In contrast, 24 h memory (5× LTM) of the association was significantly impaired in the mutant heterozygotes compared with controls (p < 0.0001, Student's t; n ≥ 8). D, Twenty-four hour memory induced with 10 training rounds (10× LTM). The performance of dfmr1³/+ animals remained significantly different from that of controls (p < 0.001, Student's t; n ≥ 7).